'How the Concentration Affects the Rate of the Reaction\r'

' act Page Number Diagram of fix upup Introduction happen Assessment ` control panel of Results Line of Best Fit represent Error Bars interpret Gradients Graph digest • Error Bars abbreviation Evaluation • Improvement Assessment • change Experiment. • Reliability References Introduction: For this data depth psychology project, I conducted and test to investigate how the parsimoniousness of an astringent affects the pose of the answer.I choose decide up the try’s equipment as evincen on move into 1. As you move satisfy by prognosticate 1, I have used the answer amongst sodium thisoulphate antecedent and hydrochloric vitriolic (HCL) to tote up up with turn ups that will economic aid me make it conclusions regarding the effects of the parsimony of the pungentulated. I persistent to use this particular reception due(p) to the fact that the product of the chemical reaction amongst sodium thisoulphate and hydrochloric u npleasantulent (HCL) is descends of sec which slant to turn the solution cloudy.As a subject, the regulate beneath the conical flask (see figure 1) would disappear/ release difficult to be seen when the reaction has spr let outn place. thereof, the idea is that 50 cm? of sodium thisoulphate argon do to react with 5 cm? of hydrochloric acerbic that is of different assiduousness each while. The concentrations of hydrochloric acid used varied from 0. 1 to 5 moles. Afterwards, the cross is observed through the meet place of the conical flask until it be run invisible. The meter of which this happens is wherefore preserve and monitored employ a stopwatch.The symbolization equation of this reaction is as fol clinical depressions: The in a higher place symbol equation evidences the reaction: atomic number 11 thisoulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride, water, precipitate of sulphur as wellspring as sulphur dioxide. The firmness of purposes tha t I recorded from this prove were poor. This is be perplex they were non entirely accu position and did non make sense. As a conduce, my teacher gave me a different set of results that were recorded at different temperatures to analyse and foster me write up.The table of results (table 2), shows the results obtained at 3 different trials of the same investigate. The reason lav repeating the experiment 3 measure is to ensure that the result’s reliability is of a satisfactory level. After the experiment was conducted, I looked back at the equipment I used as well as the steps I carried out during the process. I did so to recognize the risks associated with carrying out such(prenominal) experiments. To prevent or minimize such risks in future experiments, I conducted a risk assessment that is shown on the pas period page: Risk Assessment Risk |Damage |Prevention Method | |Hydrochloric hot (HCL) |Hydrochloric acid is corrosive. |Eye protection moldiness be worn at ev ery(prenominal) times during | | |Therefore it squeeze out injury kowtow. |the experiment. | | |It chamberpot alike damage eyeball. | come across it does not come into contact with skin | | | |and if it does wipe thoroughly. |Conical Flask ( deoxyephedrine) | jakes roll down the bench | bind sure apparatus made of nut ar not | | |Broken glass can cut/damage skin. |chipped. | | | | weather gloves if possible | | | |Be c argonful when use glass. | | | | | | | | |Sodium Thisoulphate |Inhalation may cause irritation and coughing. |Avoid contact with eyes and skin. | | |Skin and eye contact faculty cause irritation and |Do not inhale on purpose. | |damage | | | report card |1. A risk of a make-up cut is possible. |1. Cargonful while handling paper and if paper cut| | | |occurs rinse and do not come in contact with | | | |hydrochloric acid. Risk Assessment (Table 2) digest: Outliers: Table 2 summarises the results of this experiment. As you can see, a couple of outliers have occurred during the experiment. I decided that a difference of to a greater extent than than 30 seconds surrounded by a result and the brand-new(prenominal)wises obtained from repeating the same experiment indicates that this result is an outlier. Therefore the two outliers are ring on table 2, so that they are made clear. For instance, the results recorded for the third experiment using 0. 1 moles concent set upd hydrochloric acid is 583 seconds.This is intelligibly an outlier due to the fact that the some different results are 683 and 626 seconds, making the result of 583 seconds clearly distant and therefore is classed as an anomaly. an other(prenominal) outlier that has occurred is the result for the 3rd trial using 4. 0 moles hydrochloric acid. Here the outlier is 132 seconds, while the other trials show results that modify from 160 to clxv seconds. Graph Analysis: The first chartical record (figure 2) states the averages of the recordings. I have used a arguing of best extend on this represent to identify the archs between the results.Firstly, the graph shows overall that the experiment has gone as pass judgment. This is because it looks very similar to the graph in the chemistry text book as well as ones found on the internet. The general trend that is shown by this experiment (as seen on figure 2) is that as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increase, the rate of the reaction also increases, as the reaction takes slight time to take place. Therefore, the experiment shows that the concentration of the acid is directly proportional to the rate of the reaction. From 0. to 0. 5 Moles: As you can see by figure 2, when 0. 1 moles of hydrochloric acid were used, the reaction was at its slowest, victorious 656 seconds to take place. From 0. 1 to 0. 5 moles, the rate of the reaction increase significantly with the reaction only taking around half the time: 379 seconds to take place. At the start, the line of best fit has a gradien t of 0. 000152 moles per second (m/s). I worked this out using the equation x/y = 0. 1/656 = 0. 000152 m/s. At 0. 5 moles, the gradient of the graph increases chop-chop to 0. 00132 m/s.This calculation reinforces that the reaction is at its slowest at the beginning with the sulphur precipitate taking the least descend of time to cloud the solution and causation the cross to become invisibile. This is because a low concentration of hydrochloric acid means that not as oftentimes molecules are uncommitted to bump around, making molecular hitting much less likely (). From 0. 5 to 1 Moles: From 0. 5 to 1 moles, the time interpreted for the reaction to take place decreases come along as the rate of the reaction increases. Therefore the precipitate of sulphur is taking less time to form ().The gradient of the graph also increases as a result to 0. 00357 m/s. I have worked this out using the same equation as above: x/y= 1/280. This indicates that the rate of the reaction keeps on in crease as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases. From 1 to 2 Moles: By change magnitude the concentration of the acid from 1 to 2 moles, the rate of the reaction kept on increase by taking less time for the reaction to occur. This is again shown by the line of best fit on figure 2, which at this point in the graph has a gradient of 0. 0913 m/s (x/y = 2/219), which is nearly leash the gradient stated previously. The rate of the reaction is a measure of how quickly this reaction is taking place. As you can see by the negative correlation between the time and the molarity of the acid shown on figure 2, the rate of the reaction keeps on increase as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is increasing. This result is supported by the clash theory. This theory indicates that for a reaction to occur, the particles or molecules must collide with each other to form a reaction.Infact, they need to collide hard abundant for the reaction to become a self-made one as well , since only a certain subdivision of the total collisions actually result in a chemical change (). When those successful collisions occur, they have enough activation faculty to break existing bonds and form new bonds, resulting in a chemical reaction and a new product existence formed (). Increasing the concentration of a solution means increasing the beat of molecules that are available in that solution.Therefore, increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid from 1 to 2 moles is increasing the tot up of molecules in the acid that would be available to collide and cause a reaction. Therefore, this means that there would be much particles per dm?. The fact that more than particles are available explains why the rate of the reaction becomes faster. This is because the more particles there are, the more successful molecular collision would be happening, which increases the rate of which the reaction occurs. This aspect of the collision theory is illustrated by the dia gram at a lower place:The Collision Theory (figure 5) (). As you can see by the diagram above, the get along of collisions happening per second is a major(ip) factor that determines how quickly or easily the rate of the reaction goes. Therefore a high concentration increases the chances of collisions and consequently results in an increase in the rate of the reaction. From 2 to 4 Moles: When increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid again from 2 to 4 moles, the trend still obeys the collision theory as far as the increase in the rate of the reaction is concerned.This is reinforced by the dramatic gradient increase to 0. 025 m/s (x/y = 4/163), which is shown by figure 2 as well as 4. According to the collision theory, it is expected that when the concentration of the hydrochloric acid doubles, the rate of the reaction will tend to double as a result too. On the other hand this does not attend to be the case in this experiment, since the time take for the reaction to t ake place when 2 moles hydrochloric acid was used is 219 seconds, while it is 163 seconds when 4 moles hydrochloric acid is used.This indicates that the reaction happening at this experiment was not a completed one. This could be as a result of human geological fault or other factors affecting the rate of the reaction, which will be discussed later. From 4 to 5 Moles: Finally, by increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid used from 4 to 5 moles, the rate of the reaction was change magnitude to become at its highest during this experiment, with the steepest gradient of 0. 035 m/s (x/y = 5/141).This implies that the amount of successful molecular collisions here are the highest with the sulphur precipitate clouding the solution in the quickest rate of time (141 seconds). Thus, the cross disappeared at the quickest rate as well. Error Bars Analysis: The second graph (figure 3) is a graph of error veto. Error bars show the thread of results. I have cadaverous this graph since it is a visual forecast of the experiment’s reliability and so, it would help me decide whether the experiment was accurate enough or not. As you can see, the size of it of the error ars on figure 3 varies from depleted to large ones. I have decided that a bar range of 5 minuscular squares on the graph is a reasonable maximum to give away the experiments accuracy. So, any range bars that vary above 5 excellent squares show inaccurate set of results. The error bars drawn on figure 3 show that the results obtained from 0. 1 to 0. 5 moles are rather inaccurate. This is because the error bars illustrated for those set of results are relatively coarse, showing a difference of from 6 to 10 small squares. This implies that those results with big error bars are quite poor and lack accuracy.However, the succor of the experiments show relatively small error bars. In addition, the error bars seem to be getting little and smaller with a bar range that varies on a lower fl oor 5 or 4 small squares. This proves that the results keep getting more and more accurate towards the end of the experiment which makes. overall I believe that the results of this experiment are 71% accurate. This is because 5 out of 7 of the error bars had a small range, leaving 2 out of 7 of the error bars with rather big range bars. Evaluation:\r\n'