The Beginnings Of Prescriptive Rules In English

The Beginnings Of Prescriptive Rules In inclineThis research paper traces the line of descents of normative grammar in the slope lyric poem. It shows how the beginning of prescriptivism is closely connected with the changes in the society of the 17th and eighteenth centuries. The cheat of printing press, better social mobility and better education, in one amend smart or an otherwise helped subscribe to side of meat to its standard level. Prescriptive efforts of the above c completely downed centuries were withal helpful in codifying the incline delivery and setting this verbiage as the standard one.INTRODUCTIONMy research paper traces the beginnings of normative rules in the English speech. The thesis is that prescriptive rules came into existence in the nineteenth carbon. However, subsequently rakeing above mentioned works, I discovered that its beginnings could be traced before this period. Further more, the other self-reliance is that the scrape up of pr escriptivism has been set into motion by changes in doctrine and economy, and subsequently in society, and we sh whole try to prove this assumption to be right through and through knocked out(p) this es conjecture. Also, some of the rules nigh commonly known as prescriptive rules result be mentioned.PRESCRIPTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVEIn this introduction we provide define what prescriptive rules argon, and point out its counter severalise decriptivism (agreement). These terms be utilise in linguistics and both guard ( non only prescriptive and descriptive rules, hardly also prescriptive and descriptive grammars) avid supporters, for subject R.A. Lafferty and David Foster W every(prenominal)ace, respectively.In linguistics, prescription corporation refer both to the computer code and the enforcement of rules governing the enjoyment of a particular language. These rules can cover such(prenominal)(prenominal) topics as standards for spelling and grammar or syntax, or rules regard ing what is deemed soci tout ensembley or politically correct. Prescription includes the mechanisms for establishing and of importtaining an interregional language or a standardized spelling system. It can also include declarations of what particular groups consider to be good grasp. If that taste is conservative, prescription may be resistant to language change. If it is radical, prescription may be productive of neologisms. Prescription can also include recommendations for sound language usage.As already mentioned, prescriptivism has its counterpart descriptivism. Descriptive methods observe and temperament how language is used in practice, which is the basis of all linguistic research. academic descriptive work is usually found on text or corpus analysis, or on field studies. However, the term description includes each individualists observations of their own language usage. Descriptive linguistics eschews value judgments and drags no recommendations. In short, descripti ve linguists do non think that something can be deemed vilify in language usage.These approaches to language are seen by m whatever as opposites because one defends what language should be kindred, while the other states how language sincerely functions in everyday society. We can also claim that they are complementary, because best-selling(predicate) debates around language issues revolve around the question how to balance them.THE submitAs mentioned above, my original thesis was that prescriptivism first gear appeared in the nineteenth century. I based this thesis on the fact that the nineteenth century, or more precisely the Victorian period, was the eon of great social change, which led to great social mobility. My interest in this period and some previous essays I wrote about the mentioned period had led me to take this stand. Studies conducted by Dr. Shadya A.N. Cole (The climb on of Prescriptivism) and Laura Wright (The Development of archetype English), make me think otherwise.Different events, historical and social, contri anded to the rise of prescriptivism, which doer that prescriptivism did not develop outside society. Cole states that virtually prescriptive rules were made in the midst of 1650 and 1800 (Cole 2003119). This covers a big time span to consider, just this was an era that saw some of the most interesting changes take place. In that time frame, the UK witnessed change in the political arena. The absolute monarchy was change into fundamental monarchy1. This was the result and a sign of the growing power of the middle layer. spot of the middle class could best be seen in the English urbane War (1642-1651), also known as the Puritan Revolution, and by the institution of the Commonwealth. One of the things that also had a significant impact on the get across of prescriptivism was the expansion of the colonies, which provided the Kingdom with vast amounts of money and resources indigenceed for industry, and also mad e the middle class more affluent. All of these events led to social mobility, which was something that had not been seen before (Cole 2003 119).The fresh emerging middle-class was formed and it strived for social betterment. This betterment, on with good etiquette, included language. In search of such modes of behavior, which characterized the nobility, the middle class had to look outside their own customs.It might be advisable to mention here William Caxton and the year 1476. This is the starting point of the English printing press. It carries magnificence because it opened the doors to vernacular works, which were designed for the middle class and nobility, and also provides a precise beginning for the tracing of orthographic reform during the late fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. One of the most important works of that time was the printing of the discussion into the vernacular language and that, consequently, opened the doors to preaching in the vernacular.Pr inting press, without any doubt, helped to diffuse fellowship much faster and in all levels of the society. At this point all kinds of printed material became available, from newspapers, journals, pamphlets, to books. Along with this rose the number of literate large number.As commercial middle-class came into prominence, it spread literate education through wider circles of society and encouraged the study of modern unconnected languages (Cole 2003 121). The separation of the Anglican Church from the Church of Rome in 1533-34 made significant changes in the characteristics of the universities. Before, universities had been the professional schools of the clergy, but now education expended into the sciences and humanities. Latin and Greek were muted the languages needed to be learnt, but demand for the English language to be taught was also growing.The demand for learning English marks a routine point. Before that time, the upper-classes insisted on their children existence flu ent in Greek and Latin along with French. On the other hand, with the rise of the middle-class the tide started to whirl because English was getting appraisal and education was aimed at producing speakers of correct English (Cole 2003 121).Again, this demand can be traced to the changes in the society. As the middle-class grew, 2 sub-classes started to emerge. Those were the more genteel merchant class and the less genteel work class. The decisive factor in their separation was the way they spoke and wrote. Thus, the learn of the English language became necessary for the acceptance into genteel society. Philosophy and the flow way of thinking considerably impact linguistic research. The influential new stream in philosophy was rationalism which was manifested in the tendency to act to even up disputes by using logic and it became dominant in the language usage.English language started to gain prominence. Variations, that had arisen through years were no long-range cosmos l ooked at with as great tolerance as before. Latin and Greek still carried a great importance. They were the languages on which English grammar was modeled. However, Latin had more influence over English than any other language. Latin conventions and examples were carried over into English to make it more appealing. One of the reasons for this was that Latin grammar was seen as an appropriate pattern upon which to model an English grammar (Cole 2003 119). The early books written in English were textbooks for the instruction of a foreign language or books that provided a basis for the study of Latin. Now that books were being written for the instruction of English, the authors essentially applied the same pattern as they did for Latin. Linguists were trying to force English into a linguistic mold that was no longer suitable for a living language. They wanted to have the same logic, clarity and force in English as they had when they were using Latin. British writers were worried that English would bring chaos and instability, and would destroy the ease of dialogue afforded by the stable immaculate language. One of the early proponents of the call for the authorative ordinance of English was bathroom Dryden2. Eventually, this regularization led to the common acceptance of prescriptive outlook on the language and the rules of correctness. From what was said before regarding the new middle-class, we can conclude that the popularity of the authoritarian elbow grease was due to the popular demand of the middle class for guidance on how to use English ripely. Elizabeth Bohnert claims that the need for the proper usage of English also affected linguistic process patterns. What she argues is that the speech patterns of the educated and aristocratic in the swell were naturally considered to be superior throughout the 16th and 17th centuries (Bohnert 2008 1). It was not until the age of prescriptivism that real accents began to be considered faulty.As the middle- class increased in wealth, they desired to have the education and the manners of the ruling class. Their basic assumption was that variation in language was undesirable and printers catered to the need of the wealthy by producing various handbooks. Since material possessions no longer carried the stigma of class, the manner of speaking, pronunciation and grammar became useful in qualification distinctions among classes. In the late 18th century a few writers from diverse linguistic backgrounds took it upon themselves to distinguish between proper and improper pronunciation, which was a way to instruct the provincials on how to imitate the speech of Londoners.Latin influence eventually became more widespread, which decreased the freedom and laissez faire of English. English style and elegance reflected those of classical Latin. If at that place were differences found between the two languages, English was always referred to as faulty, because Latin was after all a classical langu age. What Latin tallyered was the definite rules that writers could appeal to and rely on (Cole 2003 121). English was not reliable because it had no grammar, or at least(prenominal) that was the common assumption. or so writers, when report in English, had to transform their thoughts or ideas first into Latin so that they could see what the best way of converting them into English was. acquire of Latin course greatly enriched English vocabulary, even though this was not something new. However, there were those who thought that such haggling were redundant. This led to the famous inkhorn3 strife. This controversy came at the time when English was replacing Latin as the main language of science and learning in England. Inkhorns were new words that were being introduced into the language by writers, often self-consciously borrowing from Classical literature. Critics regarded these words as useless as they rentd knowledge of Latin or Greek to be understood. They also contended that there were words with identical gist already in English. some of these so-called inkhorn terms, such as dismiss, celebrate, encyclopedia, or ingenious stayed in the language and are nowadays commonly used. We essential stress here that even today Latin and Greek words can be found in stiff and scientific writing, but as Cole said those are polysyllabic words (Cole 2003 122).As English gained prominence, a new fear emerged among learned people. They thought that making English more linguistically rich would lead to ineloquent, imprecise, and ambiguous communication (Cole 2003 123). The assumption was that English had no codified grammar, which made learned people uneasy, but at the same time gave them a new ending to reach to define English by a set of rules. These rules, for instance about sentence structure and world choice, would be concord upon by all. However, usage differed very greatly because every writer had his own individual judgment on what was correct and wh at was not. In spite of their differences, linguists did agree on one fact, which was that English had a prior age when it was pure. It was thought that this power pure state could be restored. However, this turned to be more hard because every writer had his own period which he considered pure. Some considered Chaucers writing as ideal, some Shakespeares or Swifts.In the 15th century there was an attempt to establish an English Academy, which would deal with linguistic problems. This academy would be modeled on the French academy. The suggestion for setting up such an institution was made by potty Barret in the preface of his dictionary. The sterling(prenominal) proponent of this idea was Jonathan Swift. He claimed that language usage could and should be governed by an arbitrary authoritarian body (Cole 2003 125). Likewise, this proposal brought objections. Some, like John Oldmixon (a poet), though that such an academy would impose its ideas of the language usage on others. Man y contemporaries thought the same and the interest slowly waned. Nonetheless, the desire for the language to be ascertained, refined and dogged remained a popular sentiment. Now, the idea of private dictionaries came to be popular. The idea was to make a dictionary that would include all the words of English and a grammar that would detail the proper usage of such words.The two most important works were created in the second part of the 18th century those were Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language (1755) and Robert Lowths Short knowledgeableness to English Grammar (1762). Decisions about what to put in a dictionary and what to turn off were based on a lexicographers ideology. And every lexicographer has got/had one.One thing that presently comes to mind while going through these linguistic beginnings is that most of the writers sought-after(a) ways to petrify a language in a certain time. Almost all of them were afraid that their works would not be read by future g enerations because they would not know how. They could not grasp the fact that it is quite normal for a language to change through time and in contact with other languages.There were attempts for English syntax to be explained. The handbooks were the work of individuals who believed that reforms were necessary and that they were the ones to make them. Most of the reformers had no particular prep or qualifications other than the belief that they had a right do declare what was right and wrong about the English language. Some of them were members of the clergy and had knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Because they were all classically trained, they forced English into a classical mold. However, there were exceptions, like Joseph Priestleys The Rudiments of English Grammar. In it Priestley recognized the usage of reputable writers as the standard for linguistic propriety. The eighteenth-century grammarians wanted to prove that English was capable of being described systematically . They did not allow any variations in usage and were strictly against any uncertainty. Many of them based their pronouncements upon their personal preferences. Whenever Latin could not settle any disputed points in the grammar, they would turn to the authority of usage. It is safe to say that they were part prescriptive and part descriptive.By the 18th century, most grammarians agreed that usage must be the factor governing correctness in language. However, they could not agree whose usage should be standard. One that seems to stand out is George Campbell. He wrote Philosophy of Rhetoric in 1776, and in it he be English as reputable, national and present. He then explains what he instrument by these definitions. National means that language is neither rural nor foreign (he means Latin or French). Present usage means not the usage of the moment, but it is the usage of the recent past, which has stood the test of time. Reputable means the usage of the best writers.Some of the most notorious prescriptive rules came from this period. Examples of these are the usage of pronouns, It is I or It is me (the correct form is It is I because verb to be always has a nominative case after it). Other rules would be the difference between verbs lie and lay. Lie is a verb that does not require an object, whereas lay requires an object. Users were discouraged from using the modal verbs shall and will interchangeably. Shall should be used only with first person singular and first person plural, and will with second and third persons. The eighteenth century is responsible for the final bid of disapproval on multiple or forked negatives (Cole 2003 138). Lowth explicitly say the rule that two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative (We dont need no education). Another rule was that of ending a sentence with a preposition. It was John Dryden, the 17th-century poet and dramatist, who first promulgated the doctrine that a preposition may not be used at the end a sentence. Gr ammarians in the 18th century refined the doctrine, and the rule has since become one of the most venerated maxims of schoolroom grammar. simply sentences ending with prepositions can be found in the works of most of the great writers since the Renaissance. In fact, English syntax not only allows but sometimes even requires final placement of the preposition, as in We have much to be thankful for or That depends on what you believe in. Efforts to fiat such sentences to place the preposition elsewhere can have comical results, as Winston Churchill demonstrated when he objected to the doctrine by grammatical construction This is the sort of English up with which I cannot put.Split infinitives have been condemned as ungrammatical for about 200 years, but it is hard to see what exactly is wrong with saying to boldly go (The American Heritage Book of English Usage.). In fact, the split infinitive is distinguished both by its length of use and the grandeur of its users. People have b een splitting infinitives since the 14th century, and some of them include John Donne, Daniel Defoe, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Johnson, William Wordsworth, Abraham Lincoln, George Eliot and Henry James. The only rationale for condemning the construction is based on a false analogy with Latin. The belief is that because the Latin infinitive is a unmarried word, the English infinitive should be treated as if it were a single unit. But English is not Latin, and people split infinitives all the time without giving it a thought.I have already mentioned that prescriptivism also impacted the way people spoke. By the late 19th century prescriptivism had transformed into an effort to expunge any hint of accent that would betray regional distinction, including that of London. This created an environment of linguistic anxiety. During this time the term Cockney transformed into the most condemning term for improper speech in the 19th century. It came to harbinger somebody who is vulgar and ig norant. The whole 19th century London was pierce with Cockneyism. Prescriptivists described the Cockneys as the prime culprits of language degeneration, and a threat to all gentility and grace. Today, many linguists agree that this were mostly scare tactics aimed at the middle-classes, whose social insecurities made them a ready market for prescriptive coercion. Some such rules governing pronunciation were /h/ dropping (improper /h / usage was associated with the uneducated and illiterate, as proper usage required a knowledge of where h was made in spelling), /h/ insertion (came about as the hypercorrection of /h/ dropping), or post-vocalic /r/.The spate of books, magazines and newspapers that began flowing to the newly create and fast growing class of literate readers accelerated stabilization and by the beginning of the twentieth century the process of standardization of English was stabile. The 20th century gave many manuals written by authors of sufficient scholarship to make those manuals authoritative. One such example is The Kings English (1906) by the Fowler brothers and this was followed by youthful English Usage (1926).CONCLUSIONThe most important consequence of prescriptive grammar was that people could no longer claim that English had no rules. In addition to that, the distinction between the standard and non-standard usage was made visible. Standard usage is the one we still learn in schools today. Prescriptive grammarians fixed a number of disputed usages in language, even though they started off very indecisive on what the correct form was. Grammarians of that period emphasized rules that are still highly regarded today. Rules like the usage of pronouns I and me, double negation, or splitting the infinitive. After the invention of the printing press, English was promoted as a common language and some attempts at assigning formal structures to the language began to appear.Prescriptive rules have their ultimate justification in the communitys n eed to make their language meaningful. By making it meaningful, linguists tried to mirror English on the languages they thought were the most appropriate. They thought that classical languages were the best choice. In the end this led to some outrageous rules. The rule against split infinitives, for instance, is a consequence of the peculiar fact that English grammar is modeled on Latin even though Latin is a synthetic language and English is an analytic language. Nevertheless, the linguist of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries helped lead English into a codified and standard position by showing that it had grammar and rules that need to be obeyed.

Critical analysis on Philip Larkin

Critical analysis on Philip LarkinThe metrical composition The Trees by Philip Larkin deals with the reflective descriptions of the speaker units observation of trees. Despite its misleading superficial simplicity, the poem bears a deeper meaning underneath the trees that are reborn any year leg reformation and hope in the pillowcase of the humans who name to face death eventually. Yet, throughout the poem, Larkin ambivalently ruminates somewhat this symbolism, as he delightedly views the exhibit of the growing trees only denies the immortality of their juvenility as a superficial facing marked by the inward aging and an eventual death. The poem is in a strictly regular metrical and rhyming social organization, arranged into 3 different stanzas, severally one four lines long. Such regularity of structure is reflective of the natures cycling of birth, growth and renewal. The Trees demonstrates the transience of youth as a result of the destructive passage of time, one of the recurring pedestals of Larkins works.In the preliminary stanza, through the portrayal of the burgeoning trees as both cheerful and melancholy, Larkin purposefully reveals the bunkum of deportment. Larkin illustrates the trees as coming into leaf. The speaker deploys the phrasing leaf as a symbol of life and conveys a positive, hopeful connotation. by means of this physical depiction, Larkin establishes an two-baser of fresh, growing trees, and sets a mood of liveliness in the scene. Larkin tho strengthens this gamy mood as he describes the comforting view of recent buds that straighten and spread. The poet cleverly deploys sibilance to effectively evoke the sound of sound tree runs, signifying life and youth. Hence, Larkin further emphasizes the vivacious go steady of the bustling trees, and enhances the encouraging, hopeful atmosphere. by dint of the moot choice of verbs relax and spread, Larkin personifies the leaves and wasting diseases trees as a metaphor for humans, comparing their pointedness of youth to a humans entering of a new stage in life. Such comparison between the trees and humans implies that Larkin is contemplative about the cheerful, comforting message of hope that trees give to humans. The speakers use of trees as a consolation to humans can also be found in his other poem Forget What Did where the natural and celestial recurrences appear as consolation in the face of individual sufferings. However, immediately aft(prenominal) much(prenominal)(prenominal) use of metaphor, Larkin repudiates that their greenness is a kind of heartbreak. Larkin deploys the alliteration greenness and grief to highlight that such beauty of life is a grief because it is however ephemeral. The negative connotation conveyed by the phraseology grief suggests Larkins abrupt mistake of caliber from optimism to pessimism. Furthermore, Larkin deliberately deploys the noun grief to create a rhyming span of leaf in the first line and grief i n the oddment line of stanza. This rhyming couplet effectively severalizes the two distinct connotations of logical positivism and pessimism, further highlighting the speakers ambivalence. Additionally, as the speaker compares the growth of trees to something close to beingness said, the repeated use of ambiguous diction such as something and almost signifies the speakers state of two different minds. Through the predominant footfall of ambivalence, Larkin underscores such greenness of nature that seems so cheerful is no less(prenominal) casual than human life and effectively conveys that all life has an end.In the abet stanza, Larkin underscores that trees that outwardly seem perpetually young, in fact, age and eventually have to go across, demonstrating the authorship of inevitability of death. Larkin marvels the immortality of trees in comparison to the transitory lives of humans, as he asks is it that they are born again// and we grow old?. Through the deployment of t he diction born again signifying fresh renewal, and of diction grow old signifying death, Larkin reveals the theme of contrast between youth and age. The speaker deliberately utilizes the punctuation of question mark to reveal his pensive tone that effectively causes the lector to ponder about what life really means to the ref and even to belief back at all the time this lector had robotically spent in his life. Immediately following the question however, Larkin denies, No, trees die too, commenting that the lives of trees are no less transient than those of humans. Larkin utilizes caesura to effectively highlight that his thought about trees endless youth is immediately defeated by his realization that trees do eventually die as well as humans. This caesura underscores his abrupt wavering of tone from spoilt to pessimistic, and further emphasizes the ambiguous mood of the poem. It is through this predominant ambiguity of the poem that Larkin reflects the opaque meaning of life in his perspective. Additionally, Larkin compares the trees renewed youth every summer to a yearly lavatory of looking new. The speakers deployment of diction trick connotes that all the hope and consolation one may get from aftermath the trees vivacious coming into leaf are a superficial veneer. This diction further suggests a negative connotation in the speakers voice, and builds his pessimistic tone that shows his desultory, hopeless military position towards revitalizing into having a more meaningful life. Through the word choice rings of grain, Larkin implies that despite the fresh outer appearances, the trees are growing old inside, as they leave traces in the trunk, underscoring the theme of contrast between youth and age. The reader can also interpret this formula of the poet in a different way the speaker is using the trees as a metaphor for humans. As trees outwardly seem lively but inwardly grow old and die in the end, the speaker is scoffingly comparing this to the humans efforts to renew their lives by using various flowery luxuries or by going to prestigious colleges or workplaces, even though eventually the only thing that remains after time passes is their death. Through such pessimistic tone, Larkin hints that death is inevitable and therefore underlines his melancholy attitude towards life that is seemingly full of opportunities but is fundamentally ephemeral and meaningless. This theme of inevitability of death also plays a significant role in the poem Dockery and Son. In Dockery and Son, Larkin conveys that no matter what Dockery does in his life, whether getting married or having a son, and no matter what Larkin himself does in his life, whether eating an horrible pie or sleeping, life is first boredom, then fear. Whether or not we use it, it goes. This poem The Trees reflects Larkins similar idea that life eventually has an end and and so is pointless.In the final stanza, Larkin expresses his admiration for the trees that indefati gably strive for a renewal in contrast to his own resignation to reach for a revival meeting in life. Marked by the use of the transition word soon enough still, implying a change of tone from pessimism to a more positive one, Larkin compares the trees with unresting castles. The speaker uses this metaphor to create an material body of masculine, firm trees, like castle turrets. This image of adamant trees is further developed by the speakers deployment of diction full-grown thickness. Larkin creates this image to suggest his new tone of distant admiration towards the trees that tenaciously repeat the cycle of birth, aging and renewal every year. Yet, his constant wavering of tone between pessimism and hopefulness greatly contrasts the image of adamant, soaked trees. Moreover, Larkin depicts the trees as alive with speech, as they seem to say to him about something. Larkin personifies the trees through the diction say and further emphasizes this personification through the deploy ment of sibilance. The personification of the trees serves to create the effect of aliveness and conviviality of the trees. Additionally, Larkins repetition of the onomatopoeia afresh further enhances the sound of tree leaves bustling and rustling by the wind, thereby signifying life. Through this onomatopoeia, Larkin evokes images of nature and hope. This imagery is symbolic of the trees continuous, unwavering life and renewal. This last line of the poem is a message that Larkin gets from trees to leave the past behind and begin a new life with hope. And yet, the reader can infer from the dominant tone of ambivalence that the speaker is hesitating to act upon this message from nature. Larkin cleverly uses no enjambments at the end of each stanza but instead ends each with a period. The speakers use of this punctuation effectively reflects the predominant message of the poem that even though nature repeats in cycle, there is an end eventually, underscoring the theme of inevitabilit y of death.In conclusion, Larkin purposefully expresses his hesitance towards life, which is meaningless to him. He ambiguously conveys that trees that appear to be young, hopeful and cheering to human eyes, are in fact just as equally mortal as humans. From his ambivalence, Larkin conveys that death after life is inevitable, showing his slackness of the trees cheerful message to begin his life afresh. As an analyzer of this poem, the reader feels differently from the way Larkin feels from viewing the trees the reader feels from it joy and affirmation, and even want to try harder in all he does, as nature and its still views are what he tends to turn to rely on when faced with dilemma. Yet, the reader feels melancholy when faced with the fact that such feelings are vain after death indeed, as Alun R. Jones states in his critical notes on Larkins works, the effect of Larkins writing is equivalent to that achieved at times by Mozart and Schubert at their most tender and poignan t.

Electronics Arts Company Analysis

electronics liberal arts Company abstractElectronic Arts (EA) is an Ameri poop farmer, marketer, publisher, and distributor of computing machine and video games. The gaming manufacturing where the confederation operates is wizard of the approximately free-enterprise(a) and dynamic industries. Perform a PEST analytic thinking and atomic number 23 forces compendium on the fabrication as well as SWOT analytic thinking and suggest an divert strategical course for Electronic Arts.1.0 IntroductionElectronic Arts, Inc. (EA) is a worldwide developer, dealer, publisher and distributor of video entertainments. The organization was an run into of the early home computing machine am lend unrivalledselfments organization and was remarkable for encouraging the designers and programmers in charge for its games. Initially, EA was a home computing amusement publisher. EA develop via executing of several successful developers. It had grown to be one of the worlds biggest third caller publishers. (Wikipedia ,2010)Presently, it is mainly successful goods atomic number 18 sports games available under its EA Sports label, entertainments found on trendy film authorizes such as Harry Potter and games from long-running franchises ilk Medal of Honor, Need for Speed, The Sims, Battlefield and the presently games in the Burn verboten and Command and grip series. With the majority of its sports instruction series being industrial by EA, and the worlds biggest refinement studio EA Canada which they are also the distributors of the Rock Band series. (Wikipedia ,2010)2.0 PEST abridgment toolsPEST squeeze come forward be described as political, economic, social, expert issues, which are utilize to evaluate the marketplace for a association or organisational unit. The PEST synopsis headings are a structure for abridgment a home, and bath also be utilise to evaluate a program or position, trend of a line of mildew and marketing proposal. It is a acco mmodating implement for instinct marketplace site, in which they are working, and the opportunities and scourges that be positioned in spite of appearance it. (Strategylabs, 2010)The models issues testament vary in signifi disregardce to a particular company based on its blood line and the products it effects. Moreover, issues which are more probable to metamorphose in the outlook or more related to a specify vexation organization will carry greater meaning. Additionally, EA who create a colossal bleed of goods merchant ship find it more helpful to evaluate one division of its organization at a time with the PEST model, thus concerning on the particular issues appropriate to that one division. (Researchmarkets, 2009)By understanding the situation in which EA function outside to the divisions, they roll in the hay how to take benefit of the opportunities and minify the threats. Particularly, it is a functional tool for understanding threats linked with market harv est-tide or decline and as such the situation, prospective and trend for them. It is finding out where they are in the circumstance of what is occurring exterior that will at several point cause what is happening within of the line of credit. (Modelbenders, 2009)2.1 Five forces analysisPorters five forces analysis contracts with issues external a blood line that influence the purlieu of rivalry within it, the forces inside the organization that control the cuddle in which heartys compete, and accordingly the organizations likely productivity is accomplished in Porters five forces model. An industry has to realize the dynamics of its vocationes and marketplaces in order to compete successfully in the market. It described the forces which make rivalry, competing that the competitiony atmosphere is formed by the dealing of five various forces acting on a company. It seems at five solution parts unique(predicate)ally the threat of entrance, the indicator of consumers, the power of providers, the threat of substitutes, and belligerent challenges. (Emerald Insight Staff , 1993)Understanding the environment of each of these forces gives associations the necessary approaching to allow them to make the right political programs to be successful in their marketplace. It is a simple tool that musical accompaniments EA understanding where power lies in a billet situation. It also assists to recognize both the strong point of their latest competitive situation, and the intensiveness of a situation of them is looking to move into. With an intelligible recognizing of where power lies, it will allow EA to get fair benefit of its strengths, develop weaknesses, and avoid taking incorrect stages. Consequently, to concern this mean instrument efficiently, it is decisive to know the position and to look at each of the forces separately. (Modelbenders, 2009)2.2 SWOT analysisSWOT analysis is a strategic planning administration applied to assess the strengths, w eaknesses, opportunities, and threats concerned in a plan or in an industry venture. The interior issues faecal matter be analysis as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their force on the companys goals. The exterior issues can comprise macroeconomic matters, technological alter, legislation, and socio-cultural translates, as well as alters in the market or competitive situation. (Strategylabs, 2010)In many rival analyses, EA make completed outlines of each competitor in the marketplace, concerning peculiarly on their virtual competitive strengths and weaknesses utilizing SWOT analysis. EA will observing each competitors price structure, sources of earnings, resources and competencies, competitive situation and manufactured goods isolation, grade of vertical combination, historical reactions to pedigree en prodigiousments and another(prenominal) issues. (Emerald Insight Staff , 1993) other instance is EA, which is a great example of how computer amusements caper concern can utilize a SWOT analysis to shape out a strong company outline. They lease known that its strength was selling openly to customers and keeping its prices lower than those of other competitors. EA put in concert a company dodge that integrated mass customization and just-in-time manufacturing and allowing consumers enjoy their computer amusements with complete desire in the games world. (Researchmarkets, 2009)2.3 The analytical tools in solutionsIt helps EA in discovery the true firmness that best meets their requirements and can play a dynamic role in the accomplishment as well as support. To make easy this development, they keep up recognized strategic deal with identify vendors. The growing resolutions portfolio presents customers with leading aptitude by world-class partners and developed in the marketplace. EA suggests proven resolutions that provide stability, scalability and the shot needed to maximize effectiveness and performance in a highly competitive atmospher e. (Sadler, Philip , 1993)EA bring abide by to their customers by joining that recognize how with an wide-cut suite of feature rich resolutions that offers the best functionality part. Thus, the system to develop the productivity and efficiency of company analysts, EA must continue to flip ones wig the width and strength of their data storehouses, which will diminish the number of data sources that analysts need to entrance directly. They must also equip analysts with mendd analytical tools that manage the stylus they do. (Coate, Patricia , 2007)In line with the ever growing complexity of the competitive marketplace EA has abilities far beyond those of the conventional intermediary, letting them to manage as their customers creed risk partner with resources to contain every part of their business. They give the firm with the most proper resolutions, through consultancy services, systematic tools and risk goods that continue and improve their customers situation in the market. (Sadler, Philip , 1993)3.0 ConclusionAny company must sample to understand the personality of its competitive environment if it is to be successful in achieving its accusings and in establishing appropriate strategies. If a company fully understands the nature of the analysis, and particularly appreciates which one is the most important, it will be in a stronger position to defend itself against any threats and to influence the forces with its strategy. The situation is fluid, and the nature and relative power of the forces will change. Thus, the need to monitor and stay aware is continuous. (Coate, Patricia , 2007)Some issues during the execution of instrument of these analyses strategic are crucially important for organizations to build long-term business strategy and sustaining competitive advantages rather than simply list the forces. Successful use of the analysis includes identifying the sources of competition, the strength and likelihood of that competition populateing, and strategic recommendations for the action a company should take in order to develop barriers to competition. (Researchmarkets, 2009)It is important to make sure that the sources are reliable and relevant to the current condition of the organization. It has to be viable, reliable and valid, in order to conduct a good analysis of the model. For this purpose, the gathered data and information has to be checked and be applied to the current business conditions. Further limitations could be present in the nature of market forces that reduce the applicability of the information sources to present situations and the amount of fine information required. (Wikipedia, 2010)4.0 ReferenceQuestion 1Wikipedia (2010), Electronic arts, retrieved on February 12,2011from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_ArtsStrategylabs (2010), Analysis of electronic arts, Retrieved on February 13,2011from www.strategylabs.net/search-swot-analysis-of-electronic-arts_p8.aspResearchmarkets (2009), Swot analysis , Re trieved on February 12,2011from www.researchandmarkets.com/reports//electronic_arts_swot_analysisModelbenders (2009), Electronic arts, Retrieved on February 12, 2011from www.modelbenders.com/papers/Smith_Game_Impact_Theory.pdE-libraryEmerald Insight Staff (1993), 1st ed., Strategic Management, Emerald Group saloon lishing LtdSadler, Philip (1993), 1st ed., Strategic Management ,Kogan Page Ltd.Coate, Patricia (2007), 1st ed., Focus on strategic management ,Emerald Group Publishing LtdQuestion 2 counsel why different approaches to strategy development might be appropriate in different organizations such as a university, a elan retailer and a high technology company.IntroductionA business strategy naturally is an article that obviously expressive the way an industry will pursue and the steps it will take to accomplish its objectives. In a quality of business plan, the business approach results from objectives created to support the give tongue to assignment of the business. In the e xamination step of business plan development, one of several surgical agencyes is applied to evaluate a firms market, resources, barriers to achievement and specific advantages. The cultivate of strategic examination is to distinguish what a business needs to achieve, the strengths it can bring to bear on achieving the objective and weaknesses that require to be expel to prior to combination and accomplishment. (Sadler, Philip ,1993)Strategic consideration methodologies can comprise estimating the business circumstances, several of competitive situations, verifying what market forces are at work and ranking competitors, among others. Integrating a business approach typically is one of many steps in a larger production planning forge. A business strategy starts with an overall vision. From the vision, a mission didactics for the industry is constructed, regularly the shorter and more accurate the better. A mission designates to specific objectives the business will accomplis h to complete its mission and that in turn guides to approach to attain goals. Specific plans are regularly then developed to support the business plan. (Coate, Patricia ,2007)Corporate strategyIt is verifying the greatest plan to be competitive in the market. It assists to classifies, evaluates, and clarifies the main issuesfacing productions to deliver insights corporations can apply to develop performance and achieve a competitive advantage. It is focus with the overall dominion and scale of the business to meet stakeholder outlooks. This is an essential take since it is seriously influenced by investors in the production and performs to lead strategic decision-making passim the business. Corporate strategy is frequently stated openly in an movement statement. The associations have a vision and a plan for accomplishing that vision. They apply that strategy through everything they accomplish. These great associations are able to make and capture value and situation themselves for better value. (Businessdictionary,2009)2.1 Business unit strategyStrategic business unit (SBU) is focused more with how an industry competes profitably in an autocratic marketplace. It focuses strategic decisions about option of goods, meeting wants of clients, gaining benefit over rivals, underdeveloped or making new opportunities. It is known as a business unit within the overall corporate identify which is distinguishable from other business because it serves a define external market where management can conduct strategic planning in relation to products and markets. (Wikipedia ,2010)The unique lesser business unit advantages that a firm insistently promotes in a constant manner. When organizations become truly large, they are greatest thought of as being collected of a number of productions. These organizational units are large enough and measurementized enough to exercise organize over most strategic issues influencing their performance. They are controlled as self co ntained planning units for which distinct business strategies can be enlarged. A strategic business unit can include an entire organization, or can basically be a smaller division of an organization set up to execute a specific job. The SBU has its own business approach, goals and rivals and these will frequently be dissimilar from those of the parent organization. (Wikipedia ,2010)Operational strategyIt is focused with how each division of the business is managed to bring the company and business unit level strategic way. It concerns on problems of resources, progressions, and groups. The operating(a) strategy intends to close the strategic gap between business strategy and accomplishment. It transforms the strategic objectives into obviously described achievement aims and aligns the implementation process to the value intention. The operating strategy consists of several parts starting with the operating business form as the basis for development, function, and technical and human performance style. An operating business form is the associations crucial logic for constantly accomplishing its principle goals. The desired outcome is to have a tactical to carry out the operating strategic plan. (Tmginconline ,2009)A number of the key essentials comprise classify required decisions and correlated issues for business process such as key production processes, managing approaches. Additionally, it gives creative ideas for operating problems and to make new value opportunities. It is a model to close business development gaps and to understand business value. It can be described as the business development direction based on the general vision. For example, key decisions and leading values for key business processes and managing approaches. (Tmginconline ,2009)2.3 Olympia CollegeOlympia College was established to meet the rising require for reclusive top development in the country and is an associate of the well-known gift Education Group. There are choices of an alysis of the strategic plan process within Olympia College. The operational strategy shows that direction into generating strategic competitive advantage in the development. Therefore, they can get a new system to structure their business functions and make sure the successful enlargement of their business in the competitive market. (Olympia ,2010)Strategic planning is a long range planning procedure that helps in setting the direction of Olympic College. The strategic plan originates from the colleges mission and strategic vision and gives detailed actionable strategies for mournful towards planned outcomes. Moreover, they have to help student improvement toward objective completion. It is more purposeful and successful in their efforts to bring education at a distance, finalize and realize a long range distance education plan. (Olympia ,2010)However, they have to exploit community entrance to Olympic College, particularly for enlarge and apply an on-going enrollment management s tructure that informs instructional plans, student support services, and facilities planning. They are concerning attention on learning and to assist students, ability, personnel, and administrators perceive themselves as a society of beginners, encourage a college wide culture of mensuration that embraces the consideration of learning outcomes and encourages the study of teaching and learning. (Olympia ,2010)2.4 Padini Holdings BerhadPadini sells ladies shoes and accessories, childrens clothes, maternity break dance and accessories through different subsidiaries. They can apply the business unit strategy to formulate and execute the plans that will give a competitively greater fit the situation and accomplish the organizational objectives. However, it can assist Padini to try attention on a particular regional market or consumer group. The long term plan of Padini also wants to do the interior and exterior review to strengthen the situation in the global market. ( Padini, 2010)I t shows a trend viewpoint of each will covers a complete range of goods intend at a targeted customer. The corporation will carry on upgrading the regard of its goods while emphasizing value and standard. It is successful grip in the amentiferous but competitive womens footwear market. There are strategies to strengthen its superior situation with enhanced production lines and increased competence. Having successfully impressed its dishonor names into the perception of Malaysian consumers, Padini is moving to turn its different labels into regionally familiar fashion leaders. It aims to fulfill the potential of the export market, particularly in the Asian region, and will also step up in irrelevant country marketing for its goods. ( Padini, 2010)2.5 dingle INC.Dell Inc. is the top retailer of computer systems in the market. Dell sells desktop personal computers, notebook computers, network servers, and a diversity of computer software. They can apply the corporate strategy as a direction in which its production operations work together to get particular objectives. They implement that strategy for accomplishing their vision to build up a strong communication suppliers and customers relationships in the future. It helps Dell to find out the best strategy to be competitive in the marketplace. Thus, it will guide them to improve the work performance and gain a competitive advantage. (Dell, 2010)Dells objective is to generate loyal clients by providing better experience at a great value. They are devoted to direct relationships, giving best goods with standard based technology outperforming the rivalry with value and an advanced client experience. Dell is the association which is recognized worldwide for its approach of direct selling to the customers and business customers due to which it has obtained greater profits and has grabbed large market share from its rivals. As the business develops with the period of time it is largely enterprise strategy is fa ir stronger, complicated and established. (Dell, 2010)ConclusionNowadays, competitive market a strategy that assures a constant approach to offering the goods or services in a system that will outperform the competition is significant. However, in performance with formation the marketing strategy associations should also have a well defined method for the day to day progression of executing it. A comprise leadership strategy is based on the idea that the associations can manufacture and market a high quality goods or services at a lower cost than their rivals. These low costs must transform to profit margins that are higher than the manufacturing average. Some of the circumstances that must exist to support a cost leadership strategy comprise an on-going availability of working capital, excellent process engineering abilities, and close management of work, goods designed for easiness of manufacturing and low cost distribution. (Emerald Insight Staff ,1993)It is important to know the market segment as described by the viewpoint characteristics associations have chosen as the objective for their offering. It is based on the criticality of the prospects require, their approach about alteration, the importance of the benefits, barriers that exist to integrating the offering into daily procedure and the reliability of the offering. The prospective for market penetration involves whether they are selling to past times clients or a new outlook, how aware the forecasts are of what they are presenting, rivalry, growth rate of the manufacturing and demographics. The prospects willingness to give for product value is established by their understanding of competitive pricing, their capability to give and their want for characteristics such as value, stability and dependability, ease of utilize, consistency and steadiness. (Coate, Patricia ,2007)

Examining four principles of Record Keeping

Examining four principles of enroll propertyIn 2009 the breast feeding and Midwifery Council ( hunch overn as the NMC) issued revised guidelines entitled Record Keeping Guidance for give sucks and Midwifes (2009). According to this guideline, suit equal quality magnetic disks means development needs to be legible timely pertinent consistent accessible, objective lens factual and complete. This guideline states that keen introduce safekeeping is an integral sectionalisation of nursing and midwifery work prohibited, and is es moveial to the provision of safe and in force(p) awe. (NMC 2009). This hear get out consider four of the principles from the NMC Record Keeping Guidance and Midwifes (2009). Further, found on these four principles, this essay pass on focus on the doctor on get down keeping in a long-sufferings assist computer program and will whence go on to consider how favorable introduce keeping is maintained in relation to a longanimouss safeguard object. References will be caterd in support of the flushs made in this essay and will as well be relative to what the framer has observed in employment placements. Fin every last(predicate)y, conclusions will be drawn which summarises the shews relating to this essay and will consider the turn out to draw on its conclusion.The scratch line channelise selected is mastermind one which states that paw should be legible (NMC 2009). Sokol D and Hettige S (2006) citing Gakhar H, Sawant N, Pozo J. visited account of the legibility of transaction nones. In Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Audit Symposium 2005. Edinburgh RCS Ed, 2005 state that three surgeons audited the legibility of 40 randomly selected operative notes from an orthopaedic ward in a super British hospital. Two encourages, two physiformer(a)apists and two medical ho office officers were trained to aim the legibility of the notes as excellent, good, fair, or pathetic. Only 24% were rated excellent or good and 37% were deemed poor. This research suggests a very high persona is the result of illegible hand com property, which in turn could suggest that c atomic play 18 could be impacted on in over a third of the longanimouss. McGeehan R (2007) citing Griffith (2004) suggests that the exemplification of handwriting is excessively part of a nurses traffic of armorial bearing towards forbearings. If harm befalls a persevering because colleagues were not able to bear witness a nurses handwriting, then they may be accused of liability in c arelessness. It should be remembered that legibility includes the sig reputation of the person making the origination. McGeehan R (2007) citing Griffith (2004). The source of this essay, composition on placement, discovered illegible handwriting in the early years of a chronology which formed part of a patients leger. This led the economizer to anticipate clarification of what was stated, both(prenominal) words could not be read and the victor signatory had left m both years ago, this was only if one banish impact of illegible handwriting and fortunately in this case the entries where go out a few years back exactly could thrust lure to problems at the time. Illegible handwriting on a c atomic number 18 contrive endure appear to be in unblemished and these inaccuracies stern lead to delays in carrying out the provision of c are according to the trouble device on with contributing to errors. Other impacts are that medication could be issued incorrectly, people green goddess make incorrect assumption, incorrect wield could be implemented and patients could conk out confused and agitated by not being able to read their sympathize with image. Mistakes made due to illegible handwriting can mother financial and legal issues alike. If a case goes to court then the first things looked at are the reputations, if handwriting is illegible then the author and their superiorism can be discredited from the onset. Culley F( 2001) suggests that Once a habit, it becomes second nature to write good, copious records. Nursing Residential disquiet, August 2001, Vol 3, No 8 citing Chapman N (1997) A coroners view on the keeping of medical records. Health Care Risk Report April 1 This suggests a positive impacts of good record keeping in a patients care intention, if consistent it becomes second nature and becomes a model to others. A good example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement when their mentor was demonstrating how they filled in some sections, they could demonstrate that they al styles filled in the details the same way consistently, it had become that second nature to do it right. The aim of good record keeping is to ensure that colleagues have the education from the records to know what care and handling has interpreted place, what is currently taking place and the future care Dimond B (2005). A care syllabus should be legible for colleagues and the patient to be allowed to extract this information easily and this cannot be done if not legible. Good legible handwriting should show a nurses professionalism, people should be able to see the lightly read what is create verbally, by whom and when and the care plan should appear accurate as a result in turn improving the care of the patient. In order for legible handwriting to be maintained in a care plan, a consistency should be shown. Good examples of care plans should allow for legibility, an index of signatures at the beginning of each care plan including name, position and your signature. If unsure about what any handwriting says a nurse should always seek clarity. Highlight any poor handwriting or potential error due to illegible writing. The patient should feel cosy discussing illegible handwriting and nurses should encourage feedback without repercussions. Highlight any signatures that are not on the index. Double check anything you are unsure about in a patients care plan. Regular audit is substantial to identify errors in record keeping and to maintain reasonable measuring rods Dimond B (2005) This suggests that an audits should be carried out and that they can identify at an earlier stage any reduce of poor record keeping and action accordingly.The second point selected is point five which states that records should be factual and not include unnecessary abbreviations, jargon, insignificant phrases or irrelevant speculation. (NMC 2009). Care plans are used not barely to run with and work with the patients but to also allow staff to communicate efficiently and record the care that has been carried out. It is therefore important to use unreserved illuminate, factual and relevant information while recording information in a way that everyone understands. Providing safe and high-quality patient care is dependent upon effective communication between health care professionals, patients, and patients families. Schyve P M J Gen Intern Med . 2007 November 22(Suppl 2) 360-361. Published online 2007 October 24. doi 10.1007/s11606-007-0365-3. http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078554/ accessed 14th Jan 2010.Information included in the care plan should be based on the facts bear on, examples being, what was in truth seen, what actually happened. The difference in fact from a nurses opinion should be clear and distinguished when information is recorded in a care plan. umpteen patients will not understand nurse jargon, abbreviation or adept information written in their care plan. Griffith R (2007) states that the temptation to use jargon and abbreviations as a form of professional shorthand is get for busy health professionals. The risk of miscommunication increases dramatically by using this shorthand. Griffith R Nurse Prescribing 2007 Vol 5 No 8 http//www.internurse.com.ezproxy.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=27147article=NP_5_8_363_366 Accessed 19/01/10. The impact of this is that it is not patient centred care and contravenes the NMC code which states that You must take with people, in a way they understand, the information they want or need to know about their health NMC (2007). One nurses abbreviations may differ from another(prenominal) and abbreviations should be avoided where wantly but if necessary an index of abbreviations should be supplied to the patient and form part of their care plan. A poor example of this was witnessed by the write of this essay recently on placement when NHS 24 sent a come to sheet to the placement to attend a patient the contact sheet was full of abbreviations with no index included as a student nurse the writer was un sensible of what some of these meant and had to ask for assistance. A patient requesting to see their notes would also suffer the same problem.woodwind instrument C (2003) states that to write full descriptions would impact on the time taken to enter records. However, he also highlights the dangers where abbreviatio ns could mean different things to patients and staff. This examines the argument that nurses dont have time to complete accurate records but prompts that an agreed list, which should be audited on a regular basis be attached to the care plan. A factual care plan that is written in a relevant and easily understood manner that promotes clear communication should be maintained. This then should allow others especially the patient, to pick up at any point and be able to act on their care plan.The third point selected is point thirteen which states that the voice communication that you use should be easily understood by the people in your care. NMC (2009). Each patient is unique when it comes to language that they can understand they each have their own level of communication and understanding. Cully F (2001) Suggests that in providing sufficient information to allow patients to make informed decisions is an essential component of the duty of care, and it supports the ethical principl es of individuality. This information needs to be provided in a patients care plan in such a manner that there leaves no doubt to the patient.Dougherty L and Lister S (2008) varlet 23 comment that care plans should be written wherever possible with the call forment of the patient, in terms that they can understand including relevant center field care plans that are individualised, sign-language(a), dated and timed This suggests that writing the care plan with the patient allows them to gain the information that they may require about their form and the treatment options in a manner that allows the patient to understand the language used, on a level that meets their communication needs. An excellent example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement. It involved their mentor sitting with a new resident and creating their care plan from the beginning, several times the resident requested what something meant and the mentor explained clearly and rewrote section of the care plan to confine the residents understanding. Ambiguity may also be an issue that impacts on a patients care plan, statements may be interpreted differently Dimond B (2002). She suggests that examples like had a good day may mean several things to a patient for instance, they may have slept all day or may have been awake all day. These types of generic statements do not provide the patient with the information they need. The writer of this essay witnessed statements like settled aurora and slept well on a recent placement again these are general terms which should be avoided. A Care plan written with the patient should also have clear and concise instruction, this should be as specific as possible allowing the patient to also be involved in a clear manner, colleagues and other professions may be aware of what a statement may mean but the patient may not. You should also write your instructions according to who they are intended for. For example, writing in the care pla n to observe for signs of inflammation regarding a aggravate is not specific bounteous, as not everyone will know what these signs are. Ideally, you should write such as increased pain, swelling, redness and heat. Wright K (2005) . In maintaining clear language the patients wellbeing is vital and if the patient is informed and understands what is written in their care plan then that contributes to their wellbeing. Language in a care plan should be clear and unambiguous and audits should be carried out regularly. Audits are a good method of improving and sustaining a high standard of record keeping. The Audit centering (2002), in a review of health records, found that subjecting records to audit cuts down dramatically on errors and poor standards. Griffith R (2004) British Journal of Community Nursing, 2004, Vol 9, No 3.The fourth and final point selected is point two which states that all entries to records should be signed. In the case of written records, the persons name and jo b title should be printed alongside the first entry. NMC (2009). Signatures are very important as a nurse has a duty to carry out the care plan and subsequently apply their signature, this helps to hit evidence of their involvement and to demonstrate that their duty of care has been carried out. Griffith R (2004) suggests that care plans require to be detailed thoroughly and be sufficient enough to exhibit that anyone responsible for recording entries in the care plan has action their duty of care. This highlights that as a nurse discharges their duty they are sign and accountable for the actions and information entered into the care plan. This not only impacts on other professions awareness of acknowledged detail in the care plan but also allows the patient to see that their care plan is being carried out. Dimond B (2005) suggests that it is essential that an author of an entry in a health record is clearly and easily identifiable. An example of this being important would be to contact the signatory to discuss the patient or the care in their care plan. Griffith R (2004) British Journal of Community Nursing, 2004, Vol 9, No 3. This leads to the importance of also ensuring that the nurses name and title is printed on their first entry of each page, which allows the patient and other professions to not have to constantly flick through the care plan to identify the signatory. There are many instances of poor coiffure when coming to signing an entry, in a case highlighted in the NMC seaworthiness to Practise Annual Report 2004 -2005 regarding a nurse working on the morning shift who had received a hand-over from the respondent nurse later night duty. Subsequently, when she went to administer the morning medication, she saw that none of the drugs at 10pm had been signed for in the medication administration record. This example of poor record keeping could potentially have lead to further delay in the implementation of the care plan and possible the patient s uffering harm, this is poor practise and does not support the delivery of the service to the patient. In maintaining this procedure all signatures should be legible and contemporaneous to the record entry. Good examples of this were witnessed by the writer of this essay on placement as their mentor would write not only their signature at the point of action but also date and time it. A clear print of the name and position should be on the first entry of each page of that occurrence person writing the entry. A good example of this was witnessed by the writer of this essay several times when their mentor carried out this procedure routinely and without fail, this led to the care plan signatures being place easily. A Nurse is accountable for their care and the correct signature is a grammatical constituent in taking responsibleness and understanding the relevance of this action. It should be noted that altogether NHS employees are responsible for any health records which they crea te or use. This responsibility is established and defined by the rectitude (Public Records (Scotland) Act 1937).Therefore in conclusion the consequences of poor record keeping should promote the maintaining of a good standard of relevant record keeping in line with the NMC (2009) record keeping guidance. In the NMC Fitness to Practise Annual Report initiatory April 2008 to 31st March 2009, the investigating committee received one grand piano seven hundred and 50 nine new cases of complaint referrals. classified advertisement as allegations of failure to maintain adequate records was 8.52% which was one hundred and fifty records. It would seem reasonable to suggest that this sounds quite a low traffic pattern but the impact of the potential consequence of even one record are substantial. There are legal aspects, Mistakes and missing information in records are common and are a major contributory factor in medical errors and poor clinical care, leading to complaints and medical ne gligence cases. E Health Insider Sept 2007citing RCP . http//www.e-health-insider.com/news/3022/rcp_launches_generic_record-keeping_standards Accessed 18/1/10A nurse should bear in mind that any entry made in a care plan can be scrutinized under a court of law. They have an accountability to maintain their records as a record is considered to be a legal document because it contains information about the care that has been planned and delivered to a client or patient and because it may be requested by a court of law (Dimond, 2002). Dimond B (2002). Legal Aspects of Nursing. Third Edition. London. However, good record keeping is not merely regarding a nurse protecting themselves from legal proceedings but good record keeping in regards to a patients care plan is firstly aimed at improving a patients care.McGeehan R (2007) states that records should provide a complete patient journey McGeehan R (2007) Best Practise in record- keeping. Nursing Standard. 21, 17, 51-55. The suggests that the care plan of the patient is there for the patient to follow and understand at a level that they feel involved in, and also for colleagues and other professions to pick up a care plan and know exactly the plan involves and continue their care in line with it. The risks to a patient can be considerable the Audit Commision 2009 stated that Auditors identified issues relating to the quality of records at 80 per cent of trusts (England) and, in one case, the number of records classified as unsafe to audit represented over 16 per cent of the sample reviewed. This commission further states that this presents not only financial risks but more importantly raises concerns from a clinical and patient guard perspective. Improving the quality of records will help to improve the quality of care.Audit Commision 2009http//www.audit-commission.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/AuditCommissionReports/NationalStudies/20090827pbrdataassuranceframework0809rep.pdfAccesses 18/1/10Ethical aspects should be promoted in that a nurse has a duty of care to the patient and themselves, promoting professionalism and care. The Audit Commission (2002), in its review of health records, found that subjecting records to audit cuts down dramatically on errors and poor standards. Nurses should be able to evaluate and audit their records formally and informally, to review how the record reflects the care they give even before the subject matter is read. McGeehan R (2007). Regular audits should be carried out not only for self assessment purposes but to also highlight poor practise and should involve all relevant care team members. Part of a nurses professional responsibility is to inform a senior staff member of any incidences of poor record keeping. McGeehan R (2007) Best Practise in record- keeping. Nursing Standard. 21, 17, 51-55. On a recent placement the writer of this essay witnessed an audit being carried out and this was routinely done each month, the lessons were learned from these aud its and poor record keeping ha become minimal as a result. Proper record keeping in a patients care plan is an important aspect of nursing A good care plan is required for good practice. Healthcare is now a multidisciplinary process and in order to maintain efficient treatment for patients it is important that a nurse, the patient and other professions have access to good quality patient records which are reviewed regularly to ensure that the service is kept to a professional standard and maintain patient care and safety.

Positive deviance study of malnutrition

validating deviance discipline of mal forageIntroductionMalnutrition is the key cause of either ace out of both finishs in kidren to a lower place 5 years of age.Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE, and the WHO Child headspringness Epidemiology readererence Group. WHO counts of the causes of death in children. Lancet 2005 365 1147-52.It is a cosmicly pr unconstipatedtable cause of everywhither a third-3.5 one thousand million- of every child deaths. Four-Fifths of beneathnourished children live across 4 regions-Africa, Asia, Western Pacific and the Middle East-. These be high priority nations for action. The prototypical of the millennium development goals was to fractional among 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people who become from hunger.U.N.Mellinium Project 2005. Halving hungerIt exactlyt be through. London and Sterling, VATask ram on hunger, 2005.Nutrition is a neglected aspect of child swellness which is not justifiable as we know that it is a major take chances factor for disease.Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL. Global and regional burden of disease and hazard factors, 2001 systematic analysis of population wellness data. Lancet 2006 3671747-57.Inappropriate feeding exercisings and their consequences are major obstacles to back upable socio economical development and p everywherety reduction. Governments will be un made in their efforts to accelerate development in whatever probatory long-term sense until optimal child growth and development, especially with appropriate feeding designs, is ensured.WHO Global Strategy on Infant juvenile Child Feeding Report of the Secretariat 55th solid ground Health Assembly, April 2002(5)The indicator by which progress is measured is the preponderance of at a lower place pack in children at a lower place five, special(prenominal)ally, the per centumage of children aged 0-59 months who fall below minus ii standard deviations from the median w eight for age of the standard reference population.http//www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2006n4/index_ chthoniannutrition.htmlWorld rely Report on 11th May 2006, on that point is a dominant rivet on food supplementation that detracts from aspects that are much(prenominal) crucial for up child nutritionary outcomes, such as improving vexs feeding and sympathize with behavior For example, l unity near(prenominal) 40 percent of Indian m others practice exclusive breastfeeding.Also delivery of services is not sufficiently focused on the youngest children (under three), who could potentially eudaemonia most from ICDS interventions Growth-faltering starts during gestation period, and approximately 30 percent of children in India are born with low birth weight, and by the age of two years most lifetime growth interim has taken place, and is largely permanentThe flowchart below depicts the interactions between key and immediate causes of malnutrition The dogmatic distort ion concept which forms the basis of this bailiwick focuses on two direct behavioural causes of malnutrition at the household level, namely curt dietary intake and disease prevention.This subscribe to measures childhood malnutrition using the parvenu growth standards that have been recently released by the World Health Organization. The new-fashioned standards are form on children from Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the US and adopt a essentially prescriptive draw close designed to describe how all children should grow quite a than merely describing how children grew in a single reference population at a specified time.Garza C, de Onis M. (for the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference matter Group). Rationale for development a new inter matter growth reference. Food Nutr Bull 2004 25 (Suppl. 1) S5-14.Magnitude of MalnutritionMalnutrition is a widely prevalent problem in India and one of astonishing magnitude. According to the National Family Health Survey 3 (NFHS ter cet, 2005-06), roughly a third of Indias children are born underweight, nearly 44 percent of children under five are underweight, 48 percent are stunted, 20 percent are wasted and 70 percent are anaemic. NFHS II (1992-93), more than than half (53%) of children below four years of age are under nourished. In 1998, 29.1% children between 1-5 years of age give birthed from moderate and 12.3% from impish under nutrition. This shows only a gradual decrease in the prevalence of under nutrition in India over twelve years. nutritional sufficiency is one of the key determinants of the wellness and well being of the children. Under-nourishment not only retardsphysical development further also hampers the learning and cognitive process, leading to sluggish readingal, loving and economic development, according to Sanjeev Kumar in his study Malnutrition in Children of the Backward States of India and the ICDS Programme.According to the NFHS III data, Tamil Nadu, although considered one of the better performing states, recorded to have intimately 35% of its rural children as undernourished. This value was certainly lower than the national rural average of 49%, but according to the NNMB espouse based on the NCHS standards in 2001, in that location was a rise in the levels of intemperate malnutrition in both boys and girls in the under 5 age convention in Tamil NaduTherefore the focus of this study is to investigate how around children living in the same surroundings escape the ill-effects of malnutrition and thrive in spite of poverty and limited resources, and use these practices to eliminate malnutrition among the rest.The validatory deviation Approach and its benefits irresponsible distortion is based on the fact that solutions to some participation problems already exist deep sight the alliance and need to be discovered. It is a strength-based or asset-based sexual climax based on the belief that in every community there are certain individuals ( c onfirmatory degenerates) whose special, or uncommon, practices and behaviours modify them to risk better ways to prevent malnutrition than their neighbours who share the same resources and await the same finds.Through a dynamic process called the Positive deflection Inquiry (PDI), these practices are discovered to contribute to a better nutritionary outcome in under nourished child This intervention is designed to enable families with give children to learn and practice these and other beneficial behaviours. The programme actively involves the mother and child in rehabilitation and learning in a menage like situation and work to enable the families to sustain the childs enhanced nutritional stance at home. The typical session consists of nutritional rehabilitation and education over a twelve-day period followed by home visits.The development of a community-based nutrition rehabilitation model called PD/ dwelling was promoted by USAID and other international organization s such as UNICEF.The Hearth approachIn the Hearth approach, caregivers of feed children practice new cooking, feeding, hygiene and caring behaviours shown to be successful for rehabilitating give children. The selected practices come from both the findings of the Positive Deviance Inquiry and emphasis behaviours highlighted by public wellness experts. The Hearth session consists of nutritional rehabilitation and education over a twelve-day period followed by home visits.The Hearth approach promotes behaviour change and empowers caregivers to take function for nutritional rehabilitation of their children using local knowledge and resources. After two weeks of being fed additional high-calorie foods, children become more energetic and their appetites increase. ocular changes in the child, coupled with the learning by doing mode, resolvings in cleansed caregiver confidence and skills in feeding, child care, hygiene and health-seeking practices. Improved practices, regardless o f mothers education levels, enhance child growth and development. This approach successfully reduces malnutrition in the print community by enabling community members to discover the wisdom of Positive Deviant mothers and to practice this wisdom in the daily Hearth sessions.Positive Deviance/Hearth is an potent tool in discovering the solutions from within. posit for the Studymaternal(p) and child under nutrition is highly prevalent in low and middle income countries like ours, resulting in increased mortality and overall disease burden.It is well recognised that among the basic and underlying causes of under nutrition include environmental and economic factors with poverty having a central role. therefore for a sustainable solution to this very common problem, there necessitate to be an ecological and holistic approach rather than the current and unremarkably used approach of the government giving supplementary feeds to those who are malnourished. The latter(prenominal) appro ach not only puts a financial strain on the government but also make the community members dependent on this external aid. Therefore this study concentrates on identifying affordable and sustainable solutions within a community which can be used to prevent undernutrition. This approach is also not resource hungry unlike the traditional approaches where the focus is on finding and fixing what is wrong and missing in the community rather than identifying what is already working and build on the strengths of existing heavy practices within the community that is protecting them from undernutrition even though they are confront with same constraints of resources. This approach is known as the Positive Deviance approach. association shared through this approach not only changes behaviour but also changes how a community perceives malnutrition and their ability to change the situation. The Positive Deviant approach has been shown in other studies and acoustic projections to quickly elimi nate malnutrition and through the sustainable new behaviour the younger siblings have also received these benefits. Positive deviance is a successful approach to decrease malnutrition and has enabled hundreds of communities the world over to reduce and prevent malnutrition. This approach is also culturally acceptable which helps encounter about change in our society.However, there are only a few studies that use this concept to reduce malnutrition in India, whereas the potential here is very high. And , although Tamil Nadu has shown gains in terms of reduction of the problem of malnutrition, it liquid has a high dowry of malnourished children and therefore this study was undertaken to estimate prevalence in fourteen villages within the rural field practice area of the department of community medicine of PSG Institute of Medical recognition and Research and explore the feasibility, sustainability and effectiveness of rubbishing the problem by using the Positive Deviance concept and approach.Tamil Nadu has a high prevalence of malnutrition. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift in the primary focus from worry of Malnutrition to Prevention of Malnutrition. Towards achieving this, strategies and activities have been proposed under various components for the year 2006-07 with priority for great attention on the health and nutritional consideration, by the Government of Tamil Nadu. One of the guiding principles suggested to help grasp Malnutrition free Tamil Nadu, is effective nutrition intervention, and communication to bring about behavioural change. To help achieve this goal, this study was undertaken in fourteen villages under the rural field practice area of the department of community medicine of PSG Institute of Medical cognition and Research using the Positive Deviance concept.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of under 3yrs undernutrition in 14 villages of Vedapatti.To identify Positive Deviant practices in the community.To reconstruct unde rnourished children identified in the most affected village.To reassess families at their homes after 6 months and ensure sustainability of Positive Deviant practices.Review of booksClassification of under nutritionUnder nutrition is defined as the outcome of insufficient food intake and repeated infectious diseases. It includes being underweight for ones age, too short for ones age (stunted), dangerously thin for ones superlative (wasted) and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrition) according to UNICEF. Low weight for age is termed as underweight.Weight for age potpourris are widely used in assessing nutritional post of children as it gives a picture of both acute and degenerative onset malnutrition. The earlier classifications include Gomez, Indian Association of Paediatrics, and Welcome. These classifications use divers(prenominal) reference standards, but the current recommended standards are the WHO references.This study uses the WHO references to c lassify underweight. In a study done by Bridget Fenn and Mary E. Penny across three countries, fewer children were classified as underweight according to the WHO classification when compared to the NCHS reference standards.Another study done by Marc-Andre Prost et al showed contrast results. The WHO standards gave a prevalence of underweight 3.6 times higher early in infancy,0 4 months (6.1% against 1.7%) and half the estimated prevalence of the NCHS reference in the second half of infancy, 11 15 months(6.6% against 13.6%)Implication of sunrise(prenominal) WHO Growth Standards on appellative of Risk Factors and Estimated Prevalence of Malnutrition in homespun Malawian InfantsMarc-Andre Prost1*, Andreas Jahn1,2, Sian Floyd1, Hazzie Mvula2, Eleneus Mwaiyeghele2, Venance Mwinuka2, Thomas Mhango2, Amelia C. Crampin1,2, Nuala McGrath1,2, capital of Minnesota E. M. Fine1, Judith R. Glynn1In a study done by P.R. Deshmukh et al , in Anji, Maharashtra, the prevalence of underweight as assessed by WHO standards was of importly lower when compared with the judgement based on NCHS reference (p0.05). bleakly Developed WHO Growth Standards Implications for demographic Surveys and Child Health Programs P.R. Deshmukh, A.R. Dongre, S.S. Gupta and B.S. GargPrevalence of under nutritionThe World Bank estimates that India is ranked 2nd with 47% after Bangladesh for the most number of children who suffer with malnutrition (in 1998). The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly double that of sub-Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity and economic growth.According to the National family health survey -3 the percentage of under 3 children who were underweight in Tamilnadu were 33.2 % (31.3% in the urban areas and 34.8% in rural areas)The National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau sight that in about 40% of the households, the intake of dietary energy by preschool children was inadequate. Abo ut 55% of the preschool age children were underweight, 52% were stunted and 15% were wasted.In a study done by Bhanderi D et al, the prevalence of under weight (wt. for age below 2SD) was 43.67%.An epidemiological study of health and nutritional status of under five children in semi-urban community of Gujarat.Bhanderi D, Choudhary SK.A study done to find the prevalence of malnutrition in Uttar Pradesh showed that the maximum over all prevalence of malnutrition was in the age group of 13-24 months. The maximum number of mark IV malnutrition was found in the age group 25-36 months.Harishankar, Shraddha Dwivedi, S.B. Dadral, D.K. Walia, Nutritional status of children under 6 years of age Indian ledger of prophylactic device and brotherly Medicine. Vol. 35 No.3 4 2004Methods of assessing nutritional statusNutritional assessments can be done by both direct and indirect methods. The method used can result in a wide chance variable in the prevalence of malnutrition.P. Mohanan et al i n their study evaluated the efficacy of physical structure Mass Index, Mid-Arm Circumference and Weight-for-age in detecting Malnutrition in terms of sensitivity, specificity and prognosticative value and concluded that weight-for-age is the beaver indicator.P.Mohanan, A.Kamath, B.Motha, M.Philip. Evaluation of anthropometric Indices of Malnutrition in under-five children. Indian journal of Public Health 1994 July-September28 (3) 91-94.A Comparison of Anthropometric Methods for Assessing Nutritional positioning of Preschool Children in the Philippines was done to identify the most trusty anthropometricmeasurements that reflect nutritional status and the Dugdales nutritional index, weight/height, was a received measurement for malnutrition. This is exceptionally useful when the age of the child is not know.A Comparison of Anthropometric Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status of Preschool Children The Philippines Study Marilyn D. Johnson, MS,William K. Yamanaka, PhDandCandelar ia S. Formacion, MSFactors associated with malnutrition sex activityA geek-controlled study conducted in a rural area in Tamil Nadu, India, on 97,000 children showed that womanly gender was a significant risk factor for malnutrition.YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 70 (1997), pp. 149-160. Copyright C 1997. All rights reserved. A Case-Control Study of Maternal Knowledge of Malnutrition and Health-Care-Seeking Attitudes in Rural South India Kaori Saito, Joshua R. Korzenika, James F. Jekel and Sara BhattacharjiAlso another study in Tamilnadu on a total of 2954 children attending the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition Project (TINP), showed that there was an association between female sex and malnutrition. In this study the malnourished children were referred to as negative deviates.Use of Positive-Negative Deviant Analyses to Improve Programme Targeting and serve Example from the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition ProjectMEERA SHEKAR, JEAN-PIERRE HABICHT AND MICHAEL C LATHAMGirls showe d only a slightly higher level of prevalence of malnutrition in the study done by The Research and Special Studies variance of the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri LankaA study done in the slums of Chandigarh on 1286 preschool children found no significant gender difference. This study shows similar reports as our study in Vedapatti.H.M. Swami, J.S.Thakur, S.P.S.Bhatia, Vikas Bhatia. Nutriotional status of preschool children in an ICDS block of Chandigarh. Journal og Indial Medical Association 99(10) 554-556The sex of the child was found to be significantly high in association to malnutrition. The percentage of female children that were malnurished was higher in school going children.Epidemiology of malnutrition in a rural field practice are of Navi Mumbai By Sumedha Joshi and Santosh S. Walgankar Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine Vol 35, 1 and 2, 2004Mothers LiteracyThe Research and Special Studies Division of the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lan ka, undertook a methodological study to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition in children under five years of age, and the factors contributing to such a situation. The study found that 25% of pre-school children that were undernourished had mothers who had not gone beyond the primary level of school education. The effected proportion dropped to 11% when the mother has had at least secondary education.Mother literacy was found in this study to have a positive effect on bringing down the incidence of malnutrition in socio-economically backward villages around Agra.Positive Deviance determinants in Young Infants in rural Uttar Pradesh by Vani Sethi1, Sushma Kashyap1, Veenu Seth1 and Siddharth Agarwal, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, India. Indian Journal of Pediatrics Volume 74, June 2007.Sandip Kumar et al in a study among 600 under 5 children in West Bengal showed that illiteracy of both parents was a significant risk factor for malnutrition.Sa ndip Kumar Ray, Anima Halder, Biswajit Biswas, Raghunath Mishra, Satish Kumar. Epidemiology of Under Nutrition. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2001 November 681025-1030.Socio-economic statusThis study in 2003 on 4187 children showed distinguish results in Nigeria. The southeast and southwest regions had large inequalities between the scurvy and the teeming whereas northeast and northwest regions had a considerably small gap between the rich and the lamentable on malnutrition.Using extended concentration and exploit indices to study socioeconomic disparity in chronic childhood malnutrition the case of NigeriaOlalekan A Uthmancorresponding author1,2A study done in one thousand under 5 children in Rajasthan showed that 82% of the malnourished children belonged to the socio economic classes 4 and 5.Nutritional dis governs in rural Rajasthan A.L.Soni1, R.N.Singh1and B.D.Gupta. Indian Journal of Peadiatrics, May, 1980,Vol 47 199-202.A case-control study of maternal knowledge of malnu trition and health-care-seeking attitudes in rural Tamilnadu, showed that socio-economic status was a stronger risk factor for malnutrition than health-care availability and health-care-seeking attitudes.A case-control study of maternal knowledge of malnutrition and health-care-seeking attitudes in rural South India, Saito K,Korzenik JR,Jekel JF,Bhattacharji S.Birth orderThe study done by Vani Sethi et al also evaluated other factors that contribute to malnutrition in the society and found that third or earlier born infants escaped malnutritionPositive Deviance determinants in Young Infants in rural Uttar Pradesh by Vani Sethi1, Sushma Kashyap1, Veenu Seth1 and Siddharth Agarwal21Department of Foods and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, India. Indian Journal of Pediatrics Volume 74, June 2007Another study in Uttar Pradesh observed that grade III malnutrition was absent in the children whose birth order was one and two. A significant rise in Malnutrition was found in the chil dren of birth order IV and above.Health and Population Perspectives Issues 4(2)106-112, 1981A community based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mollasimla village of Hooghly district of West Bengal, showed a significantly higher proportion of malnutrition was found to be present among female children of higher birth order and those belonging to families with lower per capita income compared to the males.Gender inequality in nutritional status among under five children in a village in Hooghly district, West Bengal. Dey I,Chaudhuri RN.PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN A CASEFOR THE fill OF A PLANNED FAMILY Deoki Nandan*, J. V. Singh** and B. C SrivastavaA study done by Harishankar et al showed that the highest percentage of malnourished children was seen in the first born children (47.2%) and the least in children with birth order 3 and above (17.8%)Harishankar, Shraddha Dwivedi, S.B. Dadral, D.K. Walia,Nutritional status of children under 6 years of age Indian Jou rnal of Preventive and Social Medicine. Vol. 35 No.3 4 2004SpacingThe same study in Uttar Pradesh, by Deoki Nandan et al also studied the relationship to spacing and malnutrition showed that there was a direct association between Protein energy Malnutrition and less spacing between sibilings.Health and Population Perspectives Issues 4(2)106-112, 1981. Protein Energy Malnutrition In Children A Case For The Need Of A Planned Family Deoki Nandan*, J. V. Singh** and B. C SrivastavaStudies using Positive Deviance conceptsThe successful application of the PD approach has been documented in more than 41 countries in nutrition and a variety of other sectors from public health to education to business.Positive deviance is not specific to nutrition practices, but can be used for many other behaviours.Refhttp//www.positivedeviance.org/PD_Evaluation_Report_for_DEPKES_FINAL.pdfPositive Deviance was used in two Colombian hospitals to combat the circle of MRSA Infection. All hospital staff up to the security guard convoluted themselves by reminding the visitors to practice good hand hygiene. As a result the infection rates have dropped down my more than 75% from 1.1 infections per 1000 patient days to less than 0.2 infections per 1000 patient days.Ref http//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/healthcare.html?id=49In West Bengal, India, ICDS has undertaken pilots projects in the use of the PD approach in Nutrition and Child Care Program (NCCP) in 4 districts to improve the nutritional status of children under three years of age. The projects substantially decreased the number of malnourished children by promoting good care practices. The PD advised project enabled families to break the dependence on donated food, by identifying cheap topically available and bringing it daily to the NCC session to prepare and feed their malnourished children. Every month the malnourished child is weighed and in most cases, mothers find their children gaining weight between 100 and 600 gm .Refhttp//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/nutrition.html?id=77Refhttp//www.unicef.org/india/nutrition_1557.htmIn 1990 Save the Children initiated a PD program in Viet Nam to enable poor villages to address the pervasive problem of childhood malnutrition. At that time 60% of children under the age of 5 suffered from malnutrition in Viet Nam. The initial pilot project was in the first 4 villages. In each of the villages, six of the poorest families with well nourished kids were chosen and caretakers were questioned and observed. In every instance where a poor family had a well-nourished child, the mother or father was collecting tiny shrimps or crabs or snails (the size of one joint of one finger) from the rice paddies and adding these to the childs diet along with the greens from sweet potato tops. Although right away available and free for the taking, the conventional wisdom held these foods to be inappropriate, or even dangerous, for young children. Along with these food and at ypically strict hand hygiene in 5 of the 6 PD households, other positive deviant behaviors emerged, involving frequency and method of feeding and quality of care and health-seeking behaviors. Through the PD inquiries, community members had discovered for themselves what it took for a very poor family to have a well-nourished child. Rehabilitation started as for two weeks every month, mothers or other caretakers would bring their malnourished children to a neighbors house for a few hours every day. Together with the health volunteer, they would prepare and feed an extra nutritious meal to their children. This showed great success by cut down malnutrition by as much as 80%. The project was then applied in large scale reaching more than 2 million people and in 250 communities and sustainabily rehabiliteted 50,000 malnourished children under the age of 5. This is probably the best known and best documented large scale application of PD.Ref http//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/nutri tion.html?id=105In Nepal a PD project to cover more than 8000 children under 3 years of age from 15 very disadvantaged communities was started with an aim of reducing child malnutrition in a sustainable manner. Positive practices regarding child feeding, caring, health seeking and maternity care are identified from the poor families having well nourished children through the PDI and then are made accessible to the families with malnourished children through a learning by doing process.Ref http//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/countries.html?id=82In the year 2000 a Positive Deviance Inquiry to identify specific behaviors and strategies that contribute to healthy pregnancy outcomes amongst poor women was conducted. The inquiry determined that mothers-in-law compete a central role in assisting women in obtaining medical care. Low-income women with weight gain greater than 1.5 kg per month in the second trimester ofpregnancy reported multiple antenatal care contacts, increased rest d uring pregnancy, and more consumption of meat and vegetables. These results were incorporated into a program for 200 women that resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of low birth weight.Ref http//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/public_health.html?id=117The following is illustrative of the impact of Positive Deviance over the last 15 yearsSustained 65 to 80% reduction in childhood malnutrition in Vietnamese communities, reaching a population of 2.2 million people. Significant reduction in childhood malnutrition in communities in 41 countries around the world. Reduction in neo-natal mortality morbidity in Pashtun communities in Pakistan and minority communities in Vietnam with near universal adoption of protective behaviors and social change. Estimated 50% increase in primary school student storage in 10 participating schools in Missiones, Argentina.Community intervention methods to combat under nutritionTraditional nutrition interventions include growth monitoring, rede and t he provision of supplemental foods and micronutrients But over decades the weighing of children undertaken by some(prenominal) National health ministries has brought little or no change to the nutritional status. In fact, in a study done by Sridhar Seetharaman, in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, it was found that the Mid Day Meal did not make any appreciable and significant impact on improving the nutritional status of the children.Impact Of Mid Day Meal On The Nutritional Status Of School Going Children, Sridhar Seetharaman, NIRD, HyderabadZulfiqar A Bhutta et al used a age bracket model to study the interventions that affect maternal and child undernutrition and nutrition-related outcomes. The interventions included forward motion of breastfeeding strategies to promote complementary feeding, with or without provision of food supplements micronutrient interventions general substantiating strategies to improve family and community nutrition. They found that these interventions could reduce stunting at 36 months by 36% mortality between birth and 36 months by about 25% and disability-adjusted life-years associated with stunting, severe wasting, intrauterine growth restriction, and micronutrient deficiencies by about 25%. professor Zulfiqar A Bhutta PhDa, Tahmeed Ahmed PhDb, Prof Robert E Black MDc, Prof Simon Cousens PhDd, Prof Kathryn Dewey PhDe, Elsa Giuglianif, Batool A Haider MDa, Prof Betty Kirkwood PhDd, Saul S Morris PhDd, Prof HPS Sachdevg, Meera Shekar PhDhand for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group, Lancet Volume 371, 8 February 2008, Pages 417-440Reasons for age survival of the fittestCare is an important determinant of nutritional status. It determines the delivery of food and health care resources to the child by optimizing the existing resources to promote good health and nutrition in children.Ramakrishnan U. UNICEF-Cornell colloquium on care and nutrition of the young child-planning. F Nutr Bull 1995 16 286-92.The first two years o f life are the window of opportunity to prevent early childhood undernutrition that causes largely irreversible damage. This is proved by the following studies across the world.Study shows more benefit from reaching all at-risk children