Lifetime Health and Fitness Essay Example

Lifetime Health and Fitness Essay Fitness has always been a part of my life. I am not going to lie, I did struggle with it during my younger years. I was what people call a â€Å"fat middle-schooler† because when I was 12 years old, I weighed 150 pounds. But the catch was, I was still very athletic. I played sports year round like soccer, flag football, and mostly basketball, all physical sports, but still could not loose the weight. My mom, just like every other mom who does not want to hurt their children’s feelings, always told me I was not fat, just big boned. This of course did not help one bit. I knew I was fat and there was nothing I could do about it. Eventually my weight became out of hand. I was 15 years old and weighed 165 pounds. Enough was enough. Fortunately, I had a very physically fit older brother whom I looked up too. I begged him to teach me how to get â€Å"fit† because I hated how much I was getting made fun of by the other kids in school. So he helped me by going to the gym and eating the right kind of food so that my gut would fall right off. And he was right. In about three months, I went from an overweight 15 year old, to a physically fit 15 year old. When I went back to school after the 3 months off for summer, no one recognized me. It was amazing. From that point on, I promised I would not let my body look as bad as it did back then. We will write a custom essay sample on Lifetime Health and Fitness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lifetime Health and Fitness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lifetime Health and Fitness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now, the reason I am telling you this is because these were the fundamental building blocks of my physical health and fitness, which of course is the reason we take this class. From this class, I really liked that we got down to the point, got exactly what we needed to know, and was not surprised with what was on the tests. What I did not like about the class was the 25 minute presentation because it just seemed way too long and most of it was about the information we had already learned from the class. One thing I would change from the class was the 25 minute presentation. I would change it to a 10 minute presentation and give the students a guideline on what the teacher wanted specifically. Overall, this was one of two classes I looked forward to going to.

Free Essays on Emily Griersons Friends And Foes

Emily Grierson’s Friends and Foes Emily Grierson’s closest companion can unknowingly be her own worst enemy. Whether it is a girlfriend, boyfriend, parent, or sibling, one can never know who is trying to bestow evil on her. Emily always has enemies lurking around in the shadows somewhere and for some reason. In William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† enemies are found throughout the main character’s entire life. Emily Grierson is victimized by those who should have cared most for her. Emily’s father is the first to be misleading to her in her life. Her father thinks that â€Å"none of the young men [are] quite good enough for Miss Emily†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (7). Emily feels differently about the young men, but her father never allows her to have any boyfriend. Everyone â€Å"†¦remembered all the young men her father had driven away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (7). Therefore when Emily finally gets herself a boyfriend, she doesn’t want to let him go. Homer Barron is Emily’s first real boyfriend. No one in the town can believe she would â€Å"†¦ think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer† (7). Homer is also someone who deceives Emily. Not only does he use her just for his satisfaction while he is in town, he lets the whole town know about it. Homer makes a mockery of Emily at the Elk’s Club with the younger men. Then the whole town believes that Homer and Emily are going to marry, until he tells everybody that â€Å"†¦ he is not the marrying kind† (8). Coleman 2 When Emily and Homer’s relationship ends, she doesn’t even have any friends to rely on. The women of the town aren’t very helpful in Emily’s time of need. When her father dies they don’t even feel true pity for her for the loss of her father, â€Å"they pity Miss Emily [because she is] left alone [and now] has to be humanized† (7). Instead of offering condolences out of the kindness of their hearts, the ladies only offer it because it is their custom. When Emil... Free Essays on Emily Grierson's Friends And Foes Free Essays on Emily Grierson's Friends And Foes Emily Grierson’s Friends and Foes Emily Grierson’s closest companion can unknowingly be her own worst enemy. Whether it is a girlfriend, boyfriend, parent, or sibling, one can never know who is trying to bestow evil on her. Emily always has enemies lurking around in the shadows somewhere and for some reason. In William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† enemies are found throughout the main character’s entire life. Emily Grierson is victimized by those who should have cared most for her. Emily’s father is the first to be misleading to her in her life. Her father thinks that â€Å"none of the young men [are] quite good enough for Miss Emily†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (7). Emily feels differently about the young men, but her father never allows her to have any boyfriend. Everyone â€Å"†¦remembered all the young men her father had driven away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (7). Therefore when Emily finally gets herself a boyfriend, she doesn’t want to let him go. Homer Barron is Emily’s first real boyfriend. No one in the town can believe she would â€Å"†¦ think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer† (7). Homer is also someone who deceives Emily. Not only does he use her just for his satisfaction while he is in town, he lets the whole town know about it. Homer makes a mockery of Emily at the Elk’s Club with the younger men. Then the whole town believes that Homer and Emily are going to marry, until he tells everybody that â€Å"†¦ he is not the marrying kind† (8). Coleman 2 When Emily and Homer’s relationship ends, she doesn’t even have any friends to rely on. The women of the town aren’t very helpful in Emily’s time of need. When her father dies they don’t even feel true pity for her for the loss of her father, â€Å"they pity Miss Emily [because she is] left alone [and now] has to be humanized† (7). Instead of offering condolences out of the kindness of their hearts, the ladies only offer it because it is their custom. When Emil...

Taking the Next Step in the Death Industry Essay

Taking the Next Step in the Death Industry - Essay Example Raji (2007) stated that consumer passes through various stages of decision making process before taking a decision regarding the purchase of product (p.13). It is further mentioned that need for a product is the first stage in buying decision process (Raji, 2007, p.13) and various researches suggest that customers go through five stage decision making process which includes information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchasing and post purchase evaluation apart from need recognition (http://tutor2u.net). Morticians may follow the decision making process of buyers and could include the webpage service in the package of funeral products explaining the benefits to the consumer and friends like allowing long distance relative and friends to send condolence messages and other notes. According to Clow (2007) dual channel marketing is â€Å"when firms sell the same goods or services to both consumers as well as businesses†(p.107). In present scenario, Nancy and Margo are targeting morticians as they are in direct contact with the relatives and friends of the deceased person. It is further pertinent to mention that the website will also setup links to the newspaper wherein the short obituary will include the web address which itself will create direct customer relations for the website. This makes it clear that Nancy and Margo, through morticians are creating market for themselves as well as developing direct relations with the customer, thus giving an indication of the use of dual channel program. The strategy of Nancy and Margo, not directly promoting the service to patron, is correct because morticians, who deal with funeral materials and accessories, can strike a deal with them along with the materials instead of Nancy and Margo going to the patrons and promoting their website. The concept of providing website dedicated to deceased person is innovative and may strike a chord among people living in technological era. Though

Comparing ethical theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing ethical theories - Assignment Example He stated that an individual experiences the state of happiness by performing actions that they deem as being good. He further added that the good behavior that becomes highly desirable without any reason being associated with it is considered as an ethical act. He further added that the good that is assigned the highest status is the state of happiness (Timmons 215). He stated that an individual can perform various virtues acts that can result in the achievement of happiness. He did not narrowly define what he meant by virtue because virtue for different individuals is defined differently. He even stated that happiness cannot be attained by simply performing a virtuous act for one time; a person needs to carry out those acts throughout their life to attain the state of happiness. Kant was of the idea that an act or opinion can only be considered as an ethical one if the reason for performing that particular act was that the person who is caring out that act was ready to accept the same act being conducted against him in the same situation in which he was making a decision or any other situation (Gensler 294). This means that while performing an act an if an individual makes up his mind for accepting the same act being carried out against him in any situation, then only the act will be recognized as an ethical one. The motive that is drives a particular act was regarded by Kant as maxim which is the reason for carrying out an act (Höffe 263). Kant believed in the principle of universality which means that acts that are considered ethical are considered good throughout the world and there is no difference between how different cultures define the same act while making ethical decisions. The main strengths of Aristotle’s theory are that it emphasizes on the importance of pleasure of an individual. It does not consider

Discuss the difference between leadership and management in nursing an Essay

Discuss the difference between leadership and management in nursing an prioritizing and managing client care - Essay Example ts essence involves gathering people from different domains and motivating them to achieve organizational goals through knowledge sharing and expertise. Specifically, a leader is one who lends a helping hand to those who are not able to realize their potential and go for their aims. In nursing, while the staff nurse is the leader to entry level nurses, the latter are leaders to ultimate clients. Management takes on a more individualized form when nursing is talked of. This is so because in nursing, client care is to be accomplished which is the duty of every single nurse and as such, nurses are required to have the competencies of time management, communication skills and other management skills of planning, organizing and others. In this essence, management in nursing involves judicious and critical use of scare resources optimally for the benefit of the client and the organization. Leadership and management are used synonymously most of the times. However, the two carry different meanings in nursing parlance. In terms of client care management, entry level nurses are equipped with expertise, experience and knowledge which provide guidelines for them to act as client care managers. On the other hand, awareness of organizational policies, protocols and regulations encourage in them the personality of a leader whereby they are able to direct their followers and align their individual goals with that of organizational goals. During entry level, nurses are required to take care of the clients directly through observations and careful usage of the available resources. They have to manage the aspects if time, shifts, materials, supervision and services for clients which are not commanded as in case of passive nursing (Richardson et al. 2007). Thus, they act in the role of decision makers for cost effective use of resources without feeling overburdened and not letting the client feel unobserved. This demonstrates the management skills adopted by nurses in delivering

Comparison Of RC5 And RC6 Block

Comparison Of RC5 And RC6 Block Due to rapid growth in Internet and networks applications so the needs to protect such applications are increased. Encryption algorithms play a main role in information security systems. So it is desirable to develop a systematic understanding of database security concerns and their solutions and to come up with a framework. Ideally, such a framework should give some assurance that all relevant security problems have been addressed, and it can possibly point out new security issues not previously considered. It is a goal of this extended abstract and the corresponding talk to contribute to developing such framework and identifying new research directions for fruitful collaborations of the database The information database security is dependent on many different mechanisms and techniques, such as data and user authentication, encryption, time-stamping, digital signatures, and other cryptographic mechanisms and protocols. access control, information flow control, operating system and network security. The cryptographic algorithm RC6 is an evolutionary improvement of RC5 and designed to meet the requirements of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Like RC5, RC6 also makes essential use of data-dependent rotations. RC6 also has the feature of the use of four working registers instead of two, and the inclusion of integer multiplication as an additional primitive operation. The use of integer multiplication greatly enhances the diffusion achieved per round allowing for greater security, fewer rounds, and increased throughput. Keyword:cryptography,data security,secret key length ,block size,block cipher Introduction The word cryptography comes from the Greek word kryptos meaning hidden and graphia meaning writing. Cryptography thus literally means the art of secret writing. Cryptography is the science of devising methods which allow for information to be sent in a secure form in a way that the intended recipient would be able to retrieve the information so provides means of hiding (encryption) and recovering (decryption) information. A cipher in cryptography is an algorithm used for performing encryption decryption a series of well defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. In non-technical terms a cipher is the same thing as a code; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography. The modern cipher work on either a fixed size of blocks of symbols, which is referred to as block cipher or the one which works on continuous stream of symbols called Stream cipher. Variety of encryption algorithms are available and used in information security. They can be classified into Symmetric (private) and Asymmetric (public) keys Encryption. In Symmetric keys encryption a key is used to encrypt and decrypt data. The key is to be distributed before transmission between entities. The role of it is very important for such system. If weak key is used in algorithm then data can be decrypted by anybody. Strength of Symmetric key encryption depends on the size of key used. For the same algorithm, encryption using longer key is harder to break than the one done using smaller key. There are many examples of strong and weak keys of cryptography algorithms like RC2, DES, 3DES, RC5, RC6, Blowfish, and AES. In Asymmetric key encryption method two keys are used one is private and another is public. Public key is used for encryption and private key is used for decryption. Public key is known to the public and private key is known only to the user. This removes the need of distribution of keys prior to the transmission. However public key encryption is based on mathematical function, computationally intensive and is less efficient for smaller mobile devices. Many encryption algorithms are widely available and used in information security. They can be categorized into Symmetric (private) and Asymmetric (public) keys encryption. In Symmetric keys encryption or secret key encryption, only one key is used to encrypt and decrypt data. The key should be distributed before transmission between entities. Keys play an important role. If weak key is used in algorithm then every one may decrypt the data. Strength of Symmetric key encryption depends on the size of key used. For the same algorithm, encryption using longer key is harder to break than the one done using smaller key. Commonly Used Encryption Techniques DES: (Data Encryption Standard), was the first (National Institute of Standards and Technology).DES is (64 bits key size with 64 bits block size). Since then, many attacks and methods recorded the drawbacks of DES, which made it an insecure block cipher [2] ,[4]. 3 DES: is an advanced version of DES; it is 64 bit block size with 192 bits key size. In this standard the encryption method is similar to the original DES but applied 3 times to increase the encryption level and the average safe time. But it is found that 3DES is slower than other block cipher methods [2]. RC2: is a block cipher with a size of 64-bits and have a variable key size that varies from 8 to128 bits. RC2 is vulnerable to a related-key attack using 234 chosen plaintexts [2]. Blowfish: is block cipher 64-bit block can be used as a replacement for the DES algorithm. It takes a variable length key, varying from 32 bits to 448 bits; default 128 bits. Blowfish is unpatented, license-free, and is available free for all uses. Blowfish has variants of 14 rounds or less. Blowfish is successor to Twofish [3]. AES: is a block cipher .Its key length ranges from 128, 192, to 256 bits; default 256. It encrypts data blocks of 128 bits in 10, 12 and 14 round depending on the key size. It is the fast and flexible encryption technique and can be explored on various platforms especially in small devices [6]. Also, AES has been carefully tested for many security applications [2], [4]. RC5: is a block cipher with a 64-bits block cipher with a variable key size that varies from 8 to128 bits. It is the fast and flexible encryption technique and can be explored on various platforms especially in small devices. While this is fast compared to most block ciphers, it is disappointingly slow compared to what might be expected, again pointing out the danger in estimating the speed of an algorithm from a high-level language without understanding the underlying processor limitations.[5] RC6: is block cipher derived from RC5. It was designed to meet the requirements of the Advanced Encryption Standard competition. RC6 proper has a block size of 128 bits and supports key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits. Some references consider RC6 as Advanced Encryption Standard [2].[7] In the present work, a comparison is carried out between RC 5 and RC 6. In the later part an attempt is made to compare different encryption techniques based on energy, change of packet size, change of key size. Performance Comparison between RC5 and RC6 symmetric key algorithms: RC5 is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block size, a variable key size, and a variable number of rounds. Allowable choices for the block size are 32 bits (for experimentation and evaluation purposes only), 64 bits (for use a drop-in replacement for DES), and 128 bits. The number of rounds can range from 0 to 255, while the key can range from 0 bits to 2040 bits in size. Such built-in variability provides flexibility at all levels of security and efficiency. There are three routines in RC5: key expansion, encryption, and decryption. In the key-expansion routine, the user-provided secret key is expanded to fill a key table whose size depends on the number of rounds. The key table is then used in both encryption and decryption. The encryption routine consists of three primitive operations: integer addition, bitwise XOR, and variable rotation. The exceptional simplicity of RC5 makes it easy to implement and analyze. Indeed, like the RSA system, the encryption steps of RC5 can be written on the back of an envelope. The heavy use of data-dependent rotations and the mixture of different operations provide the security of RC5. In particular, the use of data-dependent rotations helps defeat differential and linear cryptanalysis. As technology improves, and as the true strength of RC5 algorithms becomes better understood through analysis, the most appropriate parameter values can be chosen. The choice of r affects both encryption speed and security. For some applications, high speed may be the most critical requirement-one wishes for the best security obtainable within a given encryption time requirement. Choosing a small value of r (say r = 6) may provide some security, albeit modest, within the given speed constraint RC6 is a block cipher based on RC5 and designed by Rivest, Sidney, and Yin for RSA Security. Like RC5, RC6 is a parameterized algorithm where the block size, the key size, and the number of rounds are variable; again, the upper limit on the key size is 2040 bits. The main goal for the inventors has been to meet the requirements of the AES. There are two main new features in RC6 compared to RC5: the inclusion of integer multiplication and the use of four b/4-bit working registers instead of two b/2-bit registers as in RC5 (b is the block size). Integer multiplication is used to increase the diffusion achieved per round so that fewer rounds are needed and the speed of the cipher can be increased. The reason for using four working registers instead of two is technical rather than theoretical. Namely, the default block size of the AES is 128 bits; while RC5 deals with 64-bit operations when using this block size, 32-bit operations are preferable given the intended architecture of the AES . However, RC6 may remain a trademark of RSA Security. RC5 using 128-bit encryption is still considered one of the safest encryption methods. A comparative analysis between the block cipher RC5, and RC6 is performed to provide some measurements on the encryption and decryption. Effects of several parameters such as number of rounds, block size, and the length of secret key on the performance evaluation criteria are investigated. Table No. I shows the results of a study between RC5 and RC6 block cipher for different design parameters such as word size, block size, number of rounds and secret key size. It is already known that as the no of rounds and the secret key length increases the security of encrypted data is more. Here the RC6 have a clear upper hand. Parameters Rc5 Rc6 W (word size in bits) 16,32,64 16,32,64 R (no. of rounds) 0,1,2,..255 0,1,2,..255 B (key length in bytes) 0,1,2,..255 0,1,2,..255 Block size in words 2w 4w Block size in bits 32,64,128 64,128,256 Max block size in bits 128 256 No. of keys derived 2r + 2 2r + 4 Used operation +,-,Ġ¦,>> +,-,Ġ¦, *, >> Table no. I Comparison between RC5 RC6 block cipher at different design parameters.[1][6] A comparison for the throughput of encryption and decryption as a function of secret key length is shown in Table II Also as far as throughput in a encryption algorithm is concerned, it depends upon the length of secret key length used for encrypting the data. It is also very clear that RC6 gives more throughput .The table shows the throughput for both RC5 and RC6 algorithm at various key lengths with 32 bit word size and 20 no. of rounds kept constant but high security requires large number of rounds, so there is a trade off between high security and high throughput. [1],[6] The effect of number of rounds on both the throughput (Th) for RC5 and RC6 is given in Table no. III. The block size and secret key length are both constant, w = 32 and b = 16 and same is shown on graph. The result shows that with a constant word size and constant key length RC6 has more throughput than RC5 . However the throughput of encryption and decryption decreases with increasing number of rounds and vice versa. High throughput requires less number of rounds, Conclusion The article describes about a detailed comparative study for the well-known block ciphers RC5 and RC6. The comparison is made based on several design parameters of the two algorithms among which are word size, number of rounds and length of secret key. Effect of number of rounds, secret key length and data block size on encryption time and system throughput is also studied. The comparison also shows that RC6 cipher achieve maximum throughput and minimum encryption time compared with RC5 The RC6 block cipher offers a simple, compact, and flexible block cipher. It can be easily implemented for encryption. We believe that on all counts RC6 is most suitable to be chosen as the AES

Process Safety And Loss Prevention Plant Engineering Essay

The system in figure 1 schematic of a nomadic incineration unit. The equipment is arranged as a skid mounted bundle, recess and out pipes have been disconnected from unit.for the care purpose unit can be skiding out to open infinite and accessing needed constituents straight, or subsequently taking constituents from the unit in order to derive the entree. All supply and waste connexion are from the unit. Because of cramped conditions. Figure 2 it shows the forepart and side positions of the unit is 2.5m tallness, 5m deep, 2m broad. [ 1 ] Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) The kiln, heat money changer, and scrubber are each secured to border by 6 bolts and there are 4 connexions to each of the motors. The whole unit can be slid out to let care utilizing raising cogwheel and this requires 20 proceedingss to hale out and 40 proceedingss to return. The clip takes to take nuts and bolts 2 proceedingss and the clip takes to replace 5 proceedingss [ 1 ] MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) is besides known as Mean Corrective Tim – Mct, or TC. is colored norm of the fix times for the system. ( a ) ( I ) Calculation of MTTR when the unit is slid out for fix: Here failure constituents are removed from unit and it will be repaired and replaced to unit. Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) Formula for MTTR: TE† c = [ a?‘ni=1 ( I »i.Tc ( I ) ) ] / a?‘ni=1 ( I »i ) Where: TE† c ( I ) is the disciplinary clip for the i'th unit. I »i is the failure rate of the i'th unit. N is the figure of unit. [ 2 ] Failure informations ( I » ) : Heat exchanger failure rate ( I » ) = 40 ( failure per 10^6hours ) or 40A-10^-6hours [ 3 ] Rotary kiln ( I » ) basic constituents of a rotary kiln are the shell, the furnace lining liner, support tyres, rollers, driven cogwheel and internal heat money changer. So rotary kiln failure rate we may gauge amount of all constituents which are utilizing to do rotary kiln. Under technology premise rotary kiln failure rate ( I » ) = 30 ( failures per 106hours ) or 30A-10-6 hours Under technology premise Scrubbing unit failure rate ( I » ) = 45 ( failures per 106hours ) or 45A-10-6hours Under technology premise fan failure rate ( I » ) = 57 ( failures per 106 hours ) or 57A-10-6 Corrective clip for constituents ( Tc ) : ( Tc ) = Tdet + Tloc + Tpla + Tsel + ( Tpre / Tlog ) + ( [ Trem + Trep ] /Trip ) + Tver + Tstu Tdet = observing mistake Tlo = placement failure Tpla = be aftering the work Ts = select the failed point Tpre = shutdown & A ; readying Tlog = logistics clip Trem = remotion of failed point Trep = replacing of failed point Trip = repair-in-place Tver = verify the repaired point Tstu = re-start [ 4 ] Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) Heat money changer has four connexions in the unit and heat money changer framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( heat money changer ) Entire nuts and bolts for the heat money changer in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take heat exchanger = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace heat money changer = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug pipe line the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from rotary kiln it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipes line to rotary kiln it will take clip = 45 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) = 12+30+20+25+40+20+25+35+45+30 =282 proceedingss or 4.7 hours Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) Rotary kiln has four connexions connexions in the unit and rotary kiln framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( rotary kiln ) Entire nuts and bolts for the rotary kiln in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take rotary kiln = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace rotary kiln = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from prison guard motor it will take clip = 23 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to sleep together motor it will take clip = 28 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) = 12+30+23+30+25+20+28+35+25+40 = 268 proceedingss or 4.46 hours Scrubing unit has four connexions in the unit and framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( scouring unit ) Entire nuts and bolts for the scouring unit in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take scouring unit = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace scouring unit = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 35 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) = 12+30+25+30+35+25+30+33+38+30= 288 proceedingss or 4.80 hours Fan has besides four connexions with whole unit Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from scouring unit it will take clip = 33 Unpluging pipe line from fan motor it will take clip = 27 Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to scouring unit it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to fan motor it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for fan unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+33+27+30+33+38+30= 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours Table 1: Technetium for the when the unit is slid out for fix Component I » ( failures per 106or A-10-6hours ) Tc ( hours ) I » . Tc Heat money changer 40 4.70 188 Rotary kiln 30 4.46 133.8 Scrubing unit 45 4.80 216 Fan 57 4.10 233.7 a?‘I »= 172 a?‘I »Tc= 771.5 Tc = a?‘I »Tc / a?‘I » = 771.5 /172 = 4.48 hours The MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) when the unit is slid out for fix = 4.48 hours ( a ) ( two ) Calculation of MTTR when the unit is repaired in topographic point: Here we have to cipher MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) whole unit in topographic point Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) Formula for MTTR: TE† c = [ a?‘ni=1 ( I »i.Tc ( I ) ) ] / a?‘ni=1 ( I »i ) Where: TE† c ( I ) is the disciplinary clip for the i'th unit. I »i is the failure rate of the i'th unit. N is the figure of unit. [ 5 ] Failure informations ( I » ) : Heat exchanger failure rate ( I » ) = 40 ( failure per 10^6hours ) or 40A-10^-6hours [ 6 ] Rotary kiln ( I » ) basic constituents of a rotary kiln are the shell, the furnace lining liner, support tyres, rollers, driven cogwheel and internal heat money changer. So rotary kiln failure rate we may gauge amount of all constituents which are utilizing to do rotary kiln. Under technology premise rotary kiln failure rate ( I » ) = 30 ( failures per 106hours ) or 30A-10-6 hours Under technology premise Scrubbing unit failure rate ( I » ) = 45 ( failures per 106hours ) or 45A-10-6hours Under technology premise fan failure rate ( I » ) = 57 ( failures per 106 hours ) or 57A-10-6 Corrective clip for constituents ( Tc ) : ( Tc ) = Tdet + Tloc + Tpla + Tsel + ( Tpre / Tlog ) + ( [ Trem + Trep ] /Trip ) + Tver + Tstu Tdet = observing mistake Tlo = placement failure Tpla = be aftering the work Ts = select the failed point Tpre = shutdown & A ; readying Tlog = logistics clip Trem = remotion of failed point Trep = replacing of failed point Trip = repair-in-place Tver = verify the repaired point Tstu = re-start [ 7 ] here we do n't necessitate to take constituents from unit for fix Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) : Heat money changer has four connexion in the whole unit Time taking to unpluging the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from rotary kiln it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipes line to rotary kiln it will take clip = 45 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Corrective clip for heat money changer unit ( Tc ) = 20+25+40+20+25+35+45+30 = 240 minute or 4 hours Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from prison guard motor it will take clip = 23 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to sleep together motor it will take clip = 28 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) = 23+30+25+20+28+35+25+40 = 226 minute or 3.76 hours Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 35 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+35+25+30+33+38+30 = 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours Corrective clip for fan ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from scouring unit it will take clip = 33 Unpluging pipe line from fan motor it will take clip = 27 Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to scouring unit it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to fan motor it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for fan unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+33+27+30+33+38+30= 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours So based on computations and observation MTTR ( Mean To Time Repair ) for unit is slid out for fix is significantly more than unit is repaired in topographic point. Table 2: Technetium for the when the unit is repaired in topographic point Component I » ( failures per 106or A-10-6hours ) Tc ( hours ) I » . Tc Heat money changer 40 4.0 160 Rotary kiln 30 3.76 112.8 Scrubing unit 45 4.10 184.5 Fan 57 4.10 233.7 a?‘I »= 172 a?‘I »Tc= 691.0 Tc = a?‘I »Tc / a?‘I » = 691 /172 = 4.01 hours The MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) when the unit is slid out for fix = 4.01 hours Mentions: ( 1 ) ( a ( I ) ) ( a ( two ) ) [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Maintainability. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 3 ] [ 6 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. 1b ) Design alterations to cut down Mean Time To Repair ( MTTR ) : To accomplish optimal MTTR the undermentioned design consideration are recommended: The heat exchanger stuff must be considered based on the operating temperature of the liquid More dependable and maintainable stuff used in the rotary kiln Better we have one more scouring unit to cut down the Mean Time To mend MTTR Motor capacity must designed based on chilling demands All the pipe parametric quantities must be based on the operating temperature of the liquid throwing it Material which is utilizing to do all constituents should be defy all status The temperature accountant must be calibrated for the liquid temperature 1c ) Instrumentality which has system is utile to find the mistakes.so instrumentality in this system temperature accountant ( TC ) : Here TC maps to modulate the temperature of the liquid come ining the heat money changer that is, it pre-controls the liquid come ining the heat money changer. As shown in the figure, the temperature accountant modulate the temperature of the liquid released from the heat money changer and before being cooled by the fan which is control by fan motor. So temperature accountant is utile to observing the mistake which may happen in the heat money changer. Based on the given figure it can be likely assume that degree index may be used for the rotary kiln. a flat index is placed at the top of the rotary kiln. This is used is indicate the maximal degree of the mixture that can be accommodated in a rotary kiln. So this may be indicated the mistakes if anything occur. A flow rate valve is placed in the scrubber unit, so as to command the flow rate alkalic solution into the scouring unit. This flow rate valve allows merely the coveted sum of solution in to the scouring unit. Once the coveted degree is reached the valve will automatically close off the flow of liquid into the unit. And we have some detector dismay at the fan and fan motor and screw motor why because if these have any jobs will gives the signals so we can easy find the mistakes. Due to the incorporation of these instrumentality into the chief system the opportunities of failure is significantly reduced 2 ) Question description: Procedure works to respond liquid A and liquid B to bring forth merchandise C. liquid A passing into storage A utilizing liquid accountant. From storage it will pump to reactor. Liquid B go throughing into storage B utilizing liquid accountant from storage B to pumping to reactor. From reactor merchandise C coming out. Acid gas from reactor pumping to scouring unit. In scouring unit acid gas is cleaned utilizing alkalic solution which is go throughing into scouring unit. Scrubing unit leaves impersonal waste watercourse. Liquids ever available at the recesss to the procedure. There is at least two scouring units working right for the procedure. Stand-by pumps switch over automatically. Pipe work failures can be ignored. [ 1 ] Available informations: The computing machine system has a dependability of 0.9997 over one twelvemonth The operator dependability over one twelvemonth is 0.85 for indicated mistakes and 0.95 for mistakes which raise an dismay Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 Reactor failures can affect the fomenter which has two failure manners. Shaft break failure rate = 0.1/year Motor failure rate = 0.3/year [ 1 ] 2 ( a ( I ) ) Fault tree analysis here merchandise fails to run into specification is the top event Alarm failure Liquid control LAL fails Liquid control Low degree High degree Agitator failure Coking job Motor failure Shaft break High degree Low degree Excess flow of liquid Angstrom Excess flow of liquid B Reactor Pump failure 2 ( a ( two ) ) Fault tree analysis here liquid waste watercourse composing outside bounds is the top event Low degree High degree Internal mal maps failure Connection fails between scrubbers Improper cleansing temperature Improper alkaline solution pumping to scrubber unit Scrubber unit failure Improper flow reactor to scrubber High degree Low degree Low degree High degree 2a ) computation of dependability of parts of the system Here parts of the system: Storages Reactor Agitator Pumps Scrubing unit Dependability of reactor: Here reactor failure can affect the fomenter failure. First one is shaft break and 2nd one is motor failure Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 [ 1 ] Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours [ 2 ] Dependability of shaft break: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 [ 3 ] Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.1/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.1/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 90.11 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.995 So dependability for shaft break = 0.995 Dependability of motor: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.3/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.3/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 177.29 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.948 So dependability for motor = 0.948 Dependability for scouring unit: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? Here we have the T = 133.6 yearss Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Z ( T ) = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( 133.6-60 ) 1.8-1 Z ( T ) = 0.2/year Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? = 0.996 So dependability for scouring unit R ( T ) = 0.996 Dependability of pump: Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t Surviving clip t = 70 yearss One twenty-four hours = 24 hours Surviving clip T = 1680 hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t = vitamin E ( -13A-10^-6A-1680 ) Dependability of pump R ( T ) = 0.978 Mentions: [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. [ 3 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Failure information analysis. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. 2b ) Reliability block diagram for the complete system Pump 1 Storage A Pump2 Scrubing unit Reactor Pump Storage B computation of dependability of the complete system over one twelvemonth: Here parts of the system: Storages Reactor Agitator Pumps Scrubing unit Dependability of reactor: Here reactor failure can affect the fomenter failure. First one is shaft break and 2nd one is motor failure Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 [ 1 ] Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Failure rate of fan ( I » ) = 57A-10-6hours [ 2 ] Dependability of shaft break: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 [ 3 ] Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.1/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.1/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 90.11 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.995 So dependability for shaft break = 0.995 Dependability of motor: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.3/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.3/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 177.29 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.948 So dependability for motor = 0.948 Dependability for scouring unit: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? Here we have the T = 133.6 yearss Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Z ( T ) = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( 133.6-60 ) 1.8-1 Z ( T ) = 0.2/year Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? = 0.996 So dependability for scouring unit R ( T ) = 0.996 Dependability of pump: Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t Surviving clip t = 70 yearss One twenty-four hours = 24 hours Surviving clip T = 1680 hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t = vitamin E ( -13A-10^-6A-1680 ) Dependability of pump R ( T ) = 0.978 Dependability of the complete system over twelvemonth R ( T ) = norm of system parts dependability = ( 0.995+0.948+0.996+0.978 ) /4 = 0.979 Therefore dependability of the complete system over twelvemonth = 0.979 Mentions: [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. [ 3 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Failure information analysis. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. 2c ) To accomplish a mark dependability of 0.90 over one twelvemonth: Reliability mark is a nothing failure mark. This is an of import mark implied for those low acting workss, such workss does non accomplish certain ends designed by applied scientists. So we have to put appropriate mark to accomplish works design. the dependability of the system must be improved to accomplish the mark. to accomplish the dependability mark or to better dependability three basic ways must be employed. By system design By component specification By preventative care By system design: – The basic regulation of our system design is to maintain the design has simple as possible. the system is more dependable if the system is simple. Some of the stairss include, System simplification: To cut down the complexnesss in procedure works at the design phase its ego Decrease in the usage of Complex parts by replacing them with more cardinal parts The design should be made simple and easy to under base Decrease in constituent count: The figure of constituents used in the works must be reduced. complex constituents must be avoided for the simpleness of the design. Mistake tolerance: The basic features of mistake tolerance require: No individual point of failure No individual point of repair- the system must run without any break during the procedure of fix when the system experiences any jobs. Mistake isolation to the neglecting component- in instance of failures the failed portion of the system must be isolated from the pained system. This requires necessary failure sensing mechanism. Fault containment to forestall extension of the failure Handiness of reversion modes- some failures may do cripples to the full system, to avoid the full procedure system must force to the safe manner By component specification: For the dependability of a constituent it must be adequately specified for their full length of service. Extra dependability can be provided by runing the constituents at lower emphasis so their operating emphasiss. By making so early failures of the constituents can be reduced. in a procedure industry it is really hard to better dependability merely by specification. This is attributed to the deficit of necessary informations sing the affect of emphasiss on the constituents. Components of high quality can non be used ever for economic grounds. Normally the parametric quantities required to better dependability frequently contradict with procedure demands. Some of the dependability betterments include: Use of disciplinary maintenance- it is defined as the care which is required to mend and convey merchandise after the fix is carried out. it is carried out in constituents who is failures does n't impact of the overall working of the procedure system significantly. This activity chiefly involves fix, Restoration or replacing of constituents. Design improvement-the design of any high quality procedure works is based on the design parametric quantities and proficient specifications. the reactor design must be improved for high rates of efficiency. Temperature, force per unit area and other external considerations must be included in the design of reactor and storage armored combat vehicles. Quality control-Quality control assures conformity to specifications. quality control checks whether measurings of the constituents like reactors, storage armored combat vehicle, scrub units as in this instance conform to the demands. Preventive care: Is defined as a care carried out to forestall failure or warring out of constituents in the procedure works. This is carried out by supplying systematic review, sensing and bar of inchoate failure. The preventive care attempts are aimed at continuing the utile life of equipment and avoiding premature equipment failures, minimising any impact on operational demands. In add-on to the everyday facets of cleansing, adjusting, lubricating and proving. it is carried out merely on those points where a failure would hold expensive or unacceptable effects e.g. reactors, storage armored combat vehicles, scouring units. Many of these points are besides capable to a statutory demand for review and preventative care. [ 1 ]

Single Families: the Struggle to Survive

There are roughly around 6 billion people in the world or there were as of 2009 and for every 1000 people about 5 are divorced, over 13 million american women alone are widowed, and many people are just single. So me by choice others by circumstance but the truth of the matter is that over 20% of families worldwide are single parent run homes. How do these people live? Many in poverty and a grand majority of them live in the middle to low class ranks of society.Many of us believe the economy sucks, our lives suck, we think we've got it bad but we should see how some of these people live. How does one get by surviving in a paycheck by paycheck manner? How do you pay bills and eat? Many of these questions do have answers, lets start with a question: How do we deal with educating the children of single parents? 1. Education In the past, if someone had a child that was it, their main focus was raising and providing for that child regardless of the kind education that they had.Those paren ts didn’t have much of a choice but to join the workforce immediately to put food on the table and continuing an education was more of a luxury. Many in society viewed this issue to be more of a personal matter rather than a social concern. Views about this have changed with the rapid increase of single parent households growing to a staggering 13. 7 million in the United States. (Grall) One place where we can see evidence of people becoming more aware of the importance of single parents is in education.It is not a little known fact that a quality education can improve conditions for those who seek it and single parents are not an exception to that rule. That is one of the reasons why we have seen more local, state and national governments and organizations offer financial assistance to those single parents who wish to continue their education. In a joint study conducted by the University of Illinois and Washington University that examined the effects of postsecondary educati on on the economic well being of single parents, the results were not surprising.The study found through a series of analysis that â€Å"single parents with postsecondary education, especially those with 4-year college degrees, had significantly higher labor income and house values and were less likely to live in poverty than those with a high school degree or less than a high school degree. † (Zhan, and Pandey 661-673) Unfortunately, the study did find that only 31% of mothers and 41% of fathers had any type of college education. Even more astounding was that of those single parents with a college education only 8% of mothers and 17% of fathers had college degrees(Zhan, and Pandey 661-673).This study shows the magnitude that investing an education has on single parents to empower themselves, increase their financial earning power and to dedicate resources to promote educational opportunities for single parents. Of course because the single parent’s case is more unique than that of the common student, the need for financial assistance such as scholarships and grants are necessary. With the costs of college tuition continuing to soar, scholarships for single parents are extremely important.Scholarships are designed to pay for higher education such as college, graduate school or some type of professional school. Obtaining a scholarship is the best way to avoid some if not all of the tuition fees and unlike loans, (which will be discussed later) scholarships do not require the recipient to pay those funds back. Scholarships are not normally meant to provide any income beyond a student's higher education expenses. While there are thousands of scholarships offered, they are mainly split into two types, school sponsored scholarships that award funds based on academic performance or private scholarships.Private scholarships can be granted to support a student pursuing a certain field of study or can even be given because the student is a member of a cer tain race, gender or religion. In the case of single parents, there are special organizations such as Raise the Nation that awards scholarships to single mothers. What makes Raise the Nation so unique is that not only does it provide scholarship money to the parents to use for their education; it also provides funds for daycare for their children. Of course, certain criteria such as GPA and community involvement are necessary to receive support. Raise the Nation) Some communities have begun to offer scholarships to qualifying single parents as well. One state that has really stepped up is Arkansas. In 1990, Arkansas established the Arkansas Single Parent Scholarship Fund The success rate of Arkansas’ program is astounding; of the 1,150 beneficiaries in 2006 75% are continuing their education or used the scholarship money to complete their degree. Even better news is that looking back on the previous six years, the graduation rate of single mothers that benefited from the Arka nsas Single Parent Scholarship Fund was around 75%. ASPSF 2006 Annual Report). This type of model that Arkansas has laid down can especially be beneficial to single parents in other states. The idea of a community based scholarship fund designed to encourage single parents who yearn for a higher education is something that many people would welcome. Unfortunately, a scholarship program similar to that of Arkansas could not be found at the federal level. However, single parents can take advantage of federal grants, one grant being the Pell Grant.While the Pell Grant is not exclusive to single parents, the program is arranged to help out students with low incomes. Whether or not a student will receive the Pell Grants depends on the Expected Family Contribution , or EFC. The EFC is based on the information that is entered by the student in their Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA, form. (Federal Pell Grant Program 90) Generally speaking, the lower the EFC score the high er amount that the student will receive in financial aid and the Pell Grant.Some of the factors that help a single parent get more aid include, low income, fewer assets and also because many single parents claim Head of Household on their income taxes. Like scholarships, grants do not need to be paid back. With that being said it is the sole responsibility of the student to use these funds wisely. The 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act (HEA-92) was a great step forward for all students who sought financial aid. This act made it easier for students who were turned down before to obtain funds for their schooling.The HEA-92 has been heralded as a monumental moment in the history of federal financial aid because it really was focused on supporting postsecondary education. While many groups were willing and able to take advantage of this act, one group’s numbers declined, that group was single parents. In a study that was conducted by The US Department of Education, Single parents who received financial aid declined from 94% in 1990 to a grim 79% by 2000. One theory as to why the big plunge is being blamed on the fact that the EFC for single parents had increased from $800 to $1,300 even though it decreased for almost everyone else. Hartle 19-21) What this meant was that more single parents now had to join the workforce to not only provide for their families, but to pay for their education. With the HEA 92 in place, single parents who really wanted to continue their education had to seek other methods to get money which came in the form of Stafford Loans. Stafford Loans are available directly from the US Department of Education. There are two types of loans that are popular among students, subsidized and unsubsidized loans. The difference between the two has to do the interest that is being charged on the loan.The interest on the subsidized loan is paid by the federal government while the student is attending school. Also during the students en rollment, the do not have to make payments on the loan until the student graduates. Unsubsidized loans begin to accrue interest from the time that the loan is paid out to the school and the student is responsible for that interest. To obtain both of these loans, the student must be enrolled at least half time. (Stafford Loan) These types of loans can be beneficial to single parents who must work to make ends meet at home and want to go to school also.Even after the single parent has finished their studies and are on their way to a rewarding career, they can still qualify for loan forgiveness. Loan forgiveness programs are being offered from an employer and other organizations. For instance, if you are a teacher, you might agree to teach in an impoverished area in exchange for loan deferment. If you teach for the agreed period of time, your loan is then forgiven. With the availability of scholarships, loans and grants, single parents can improve their educational prospects for themse lves and their families.While our society is not necessarily exactly where we would all want it to be, one can be hopeful that future social policies that promote educational opportunities for single parents will increase. Education is important for single parents and their children. There are many educational programs for this reason. To assist single parents in their parenting, places like school districts, churches and non-profits provide classes to educate them on parenting skills such as meal preparation, food budgeting, emergencies, etc. These classes not only help educate, but they also help with emotional needs.The website ericdigests. org describes programs that aid parents in literacy, counseling, job placement and college education. There are also programs for the children of single parents. Some organizations have programs that involve education and scholarships where children can take month long courses that vary from the areas of arts to computers to sports. Some of th e most significant programs for single parents are college programs. It is often necessary for single parents to have college education in order to obtain jobs that will support their family.Endicott College has a program called Keys to Degrees which is for single men and women between the ages of 18 and 24 who have young children. This program enables them to take advantage of the opportunity to attain undergraduate degrees while being provided with campus housing and other support coinciding with their specific needs. Wilson College has a program called Women with Children that provides yearly housing to mothers with children any age over 20 months. This allows the women to pursue a fulltime education. Other colleges have similar Women with Children programs, but have different requirements.Misericordia University’s Women with Children program has less requirements and offers their programs to women of all ages with no restrictions on the age or amount of children the woman has. Saint Paul’s College has a Single Parent Support System program. Parents desiring to be a part of this program must have two or less children between the ages of 2 months and 9 years and must maintain a GPA of 2. 5. If they are able to fulfill the requirements they are provided with yearly housing allowing them to pursue a fulltime education and obtain a degree within three to four years.Most colleges have online programs that allow single parents to get their college education at home where they can still care for their children. These are just a few of the college programs available to single parents, there are a plethora of others. These programs have high value to single parents. Along the lines of education, it is a common belief that the grades of most children of single parents are not as high as those of children with two parents. This has been proven. Research has shown that children of single parents are likely to have lower IQs than those who have two parents .Research has also shown that single parent children are more likely to drop out of school, three times more likely. It is possible that one of the reasons for lower academic achievements in children of single parents is that the parents spend less time with their children, discipline in a less consistent manor and have less control over their children than two parents together. Single parents are often working more than two parents to support their children which results in less time spent with children and less involvement in their life.It has been proven that children with parents who are less involved in their life and education are more likely to have lower academic achievement. Income is another risk factor and because single parents don’t have the support of another person, it is possible for them to make less money. Research shows when single parent families receive child support, the children are more likely to have higher academic achievement than children of famili es that don’t receive child support. An interesting fact is that children in mother absent homes get lower science grades than those in father absent homes.Overall single parent children find it more difficult to connect with school. Since single parents have less time to spend with their children, care for their children while they work is necessary. Some day care programs are educational and run through the schools of the children. Programs like Kids Club are after school programs that can assist single parents. Some Kids Club programs are free while others charge five dollars per day. They are open every day and some schools keep the programs running through summer.Children can go right after school since the program is on campus and parents can pick their children up around six at night. Though these programs are not specifically for single parents, they are extremely useful for single parents. They allow the parent to complete their work day without having to worry about their child and the child can participate in activities, some of which are learning experiences. 2. US Government In 1996 Congress proposed a new policy titled â€Å"Temporary Assistance to Needy Families† in response to the failed AFDC program by implementing work requirements and time limits for recipients.Bill Clinton signed the new law hoping it would move more people off the welfare rolls and into the work force to alleviate both the burden of government spending on welfare and to bolster the economy. Many people opposed the new legislation out of fear that it would wreak havoc in our nation’s cities, and many innocent children would suffer and ultimately be exploited. Opponents were quoted saying â€Å"it would liken our streets to those of Brazil†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The effects of the TANF policy have been hard to determine. In a study conducted 10 years after the 1996 reform policy, shows a stark contrast to the years of the AFDC.Caseloads declined and a majority o f recipients have gone on and have been removed off the welfare rolls, though they still receive subsidy care such as housing, child care, food assistance and health insurance. Many are actively engaged in the workforce and what was predicted by welfare reform opponents never came to pass. Teen pregnancy, a huger predictor of welfare dependency has slowly begun to decline. Critics agree that though case load decline is impressive it is not an accurate indicator of welfare reform success.They feel success would be measured by the amount of people getting off welfare rolls, into the work place and no longer in need of government subsidy programs including housing, food, and medical assistance. But the reality is a majority of the recipients leaving the welfare rolls are still reliant on those programs to stay just above the poverty line. In the end we find it hard to determine whether or not the welfare program has helped people stay above the poverty level or has actually kept them f rom moving forward.Living in America can be a great blessing to almost anyone that is either naturally born American or migrates to the states for better life. In foreign countries, many people wish they lived the â€Å"American Dream† life that is so well spoken of. Although the media portrays it to be easily achievable, it is not. It can be obvious to some that living any type of â€Å"good life† can take a lot of hard work and commitment to achieve it. Unfortunately, many American families break on their journey to achieve the infamous dream. For whatever reason the family might break, it usually is left with some types of dilemmas.The most popular dilemma of them all is the financial problems it gets left with, especially for the single parent who is left in charge of the children. Now a days it’s not only the women who are left in charge of the children after a divorce, statistics show more and more fathers are left with the care of their broken family. And the majority is left stuck in a financial nightmare that leaves them with no choice but to seek some type of help, and typically the number one choice is government aid. Government programs tend to give families a bad reputation.It singles the family out into the helpless status, working class part of society. Although America insists that we are a classless society, it can be proven false. Society tends to consciously and subconsciously label every person, every family into some sort of class. Some of the American society has been known to believe that government help is the best thing America has; yet, a lot of people think vice versa. Bottom line is that thanks to all the different types of aid there is out there, it has definitely helped out all types of families struggling to make everyday ends meet.Just like all things, there will be people out there who do make a good living, yet some tend to lie their way into getting the aid they say they need. These types of programs were not created with any intention to make a family dependant on it. They were made to help. People who abuse the help is never right, but it shouldn’t affect the people who are seeking the help they need for the right reason in a negative way that society portrays it to be. There is a long list of government programs. On example is the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or the TANF Bureau.According to â€Å"http://ezinearticles. com/? Government-Grants-For-Single-Parents&id=2673848†, it is a program that offers government grants for single parents so that their children can be properly taken care of in a home environment. Plus it assists single parents' in developing job skills and building strong family units. Another form of single parent government grant is the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF). The CCDF is a nationwide assistance program that is administrated by state governments.Each state has their own unique eligibility requirement, so a singl e parent must apply through their local town or county social service department. Both of these are popular choices single families tend to seek for, and according to their personal experiences, it has helped them out immensely. At the end of the day, there are families who regrettably cannot support their family the way they wish they could. Some of them have extenuating circumstances that leaves them with no choice but to ask for the help. Again, no program is perfect anywhere one looks.It does not matter whether it is in a well-developed country or not. There will always be something or someone who will unwillingly turn something positive into a negative. 3. International The united states has its share of hardships but how are situations like this dealt with in different countries. we researched two countries other than the united states, one a third world country the other a more middle class civilized country. Italy has always been a coun try of my interest since it is my coun try of origin, so that is the one I chose to research.Italy is known for their romance not they're high rate of single parent families in fact italy has one of the lowest rates in Europe. In fact the amount of single parent households in italy has remained unchanged . the families counted might even be the ones counted the first time around. SInce 1971 there have been repot of 467,000 single parent households in italy. The european government has established a few programs to help single parents overcome the financial burden of raising a child. One of which is called REMO(reciprocal enforcement of maintenance orders).This is used only in situations where the partner lives outside whichever country one lives in. They too have child support and programs such as the ESA(employment and support agency) in case of a disability these people help you stay on track. They also have job grants an tax free money that they give to parents receiving benefits for one or ore children. Italy as well as other european countries are far more advanced than places such as Africa. They have the same benefits or almost the same help for single parents as we do here. Being a single parent is hard for anybody; however, living on virtually othing in a country with hardly any income can cause some seriously detrimental issues. South Africa has some of the highest rates of divorce, single parenthood, and poverty in the world. These horrendous hardships combined create a nationwide epidemic that contagiously affects generation after generation. Although there are single fathers as well as mothers in South Africa, the percentage of single mothers is significantly higher than fathers. There are a plethora of causes for single parenthood in South Africa. Some of which are larger factors than others.There is of course the universal causes that result in a single parent, which include: separation or divorce, death and pregnancy out of wedlock. However, some of the larger causes that are more p revalent in South Africa, and third world countries in general, involve the ever rising epidemic of AIDS/HIV that affects countless families throughout South Africa. AIDS/HIV is rapidly killing people aged, 19-45 in South Africa and is increasing everyday. There are approximately more than 10 million children in South Africa who have died from AIDS.According to Professor Clifford Odimgegwu, Professor of the University of Witwatersrand in Southern Africa, â€Å"the grandparents are currently taking care of the orphans from parents who have died of this disease†. This creates a massive burden on the elderly who are even more so unable to provide for a child. The ever-present family destroyer, â€Å"divorce† has been splitting families in South Africa at an alarming rate. â€Å"Increased numbers of divorced in South Africa have also created more single-parent families†(Agarwal) than ever seen before.Statistics show that â€Å"(2009) seven million children are grow ing up with single mothers outnumbering the 6. 2 million-about 34% of the country’s children-who live with both parents†¦which shows that divorce is responsible for most of the estimated 40% of South Africa’s 18 million children being raised by single mothers†(261, Bojuwoye). Due to ongoing never-ending civil and foreign wars throughout South Africa, fathers being called to war create a heavy amount of women left to take care of the children and even at times extended family.As well as taking the father and the income away from the family, war leads unfortunately to many cases of rape that results in pregnancy. With such high rates of fertility in South Africa and such a deficit in contraceptives, it is not surprising that this creates women who have unwanted children who they are unable to care for. According to family counselor and single parenting expert Abhishek Agarwal, â€Å"a 2000 report on the ‘State of South Africa’s Population’ showed that the need for contraception for adult women and teenagers in rural areas fat outstrips the availability of contraceptive education and supplies†.A third reason for the absence of the father is the high rates of unemployment and inability to find work in rural areas. In some cases, fathers have been forced to leave the family home to find work across the country’s borders. This leaves the mother to fend for herself and her dependants. This can lead to extreme poverty, which can force single parents to abandon their children. Many South African mothers’ reasoning for abandonment is the fact that foster parents receive more financial support than do single parents.To the parent, this may seem like the most logical choice, to gamble their child’s survival on the small chance they’re put into a well-financed foster family. Regrettably, there are almost no government-funded programs designed to assist single-parent families in South Africa. Th e closest form of financial aid towards single-families is the State Maintenance Grant, which is directed towards 4 categories of state: the elderly, persons with disabilities, social relief, and child and family care.Towards mothers, she will be eligible only â€Å"if she has applied for financial support from her partner or the father of her children through a magistrate’s court, and has been unable to get it; or if she was widowed, deserted or under certain other conditions†(â€Å"The Report of the Lund Committee on Child and Family Support†). The government is currently working on new bills that would call for less restricted protocols, higher amounts, and a wider distribution of help towards these women.There are however, other non-government programs worldwide that target single-parent families in South Africa. There is a program that is run by the non-government organization SOS Children. This organization supplies vocational training courses (including b eadwork and dressmaking) to single parents. They are taught trades where they can make and sell products. They also give some single parents grants to start businesses of their own. There is also the FAMSA, an organization in South Africa, which helps out in counseling of individuals regardless of financial status.Lastly, there is an organization that originated in Rwanda and became it’s first non-government organization supporting parents without partners. Tabara Africa’s main objectives are to 1) set up single parent networks, 2) increase child welfare by increasing accerss to health care, education and other basic rights which low-9ncome families often go without, 3) assist single parent emplyment by supporting vocational training and single-parent work cooperatives without compromising child welfare, and 4) lobbying to make this a government issue and influencing policies which affect the welfare of single-parent families.Hopefully these and many other organization s out there can come together to make a difference for the tragic conditions which single-parents live in South America (Woolley). 4. Emotions With that said its probably acceptable to say parenting is never easy. There is no â€Å"on the job training†, when you walk into parenthood. It’s with basic information shared by friends or family. Children don’t come with instructions. When being a single parent all the responsibilities fall on one set of shoulders. Parenting is hard and painful. Singles have to be strong play the role of the mom and dad.Dealing with money as a single parent can be very stressful. One income and one parent as head of a household and to pay for the cost of supporting a family is hard. Dealing with the ex- spouse, with added stress for the children, bills, and work can pull on your emotions. As a single parent you are also isolated. Emotional distress can also affect a single parent; this can easily be conquered by allowing yourself go th rough an emotional process aided by a professional. The emotional process is management of emotion from denial, anger, depression, bargaining, and until you reach acceptance.In our modern society a single mother’s value is often overlooked and worse taken for granted. Usually children are raised in two parent’s homes. Most single mothers live the treadmill existence. They work at least one full- time job and often part time job in order to satisfy the financial needs of the family. Single moms rarely get a full night of sleep much less time for relaxation or enjoying the social side of life. As singles mothers we can’t give in to feelings of guilt or shame. There are many advantages in being a single parent and there are support groups that help single parents.There are many emotional stages when being a single parent. You feel angry, depressed, betrayed, happy and anxious. In being a single parent you are the mother and the father. To be a successful parent you need to take care of yourself, be healthy, be confident, save money, and attend support groups, and balance work and parenting. Not only do single parents suffer emotionally but the children do as well. When parents split up children usually become aggressive or badly behaved. Their behavior was linked to living in a broken home.There are different situations as of being a single parent (divorce, adoption, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood, death, child abuse, or abandonment). In being a single parent as for me there are lots of programs that can assist you. It is hard emotional in being a single parent from my experience but I attend support groups to help me emotionally and I recommend it to other singles as well. 5. Statistics Single parents can vary in terms of not only being a single mother, or a single father, but also varies within race and age. According to Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support, there are about 13. million single parents in the U nited States today. These parents are responsible for raising 21. 8 million children and approximately 26% of children in the United States today, is under the age of 21. Throughout the years, many people believed that mothers are more likely to be a single parent. Around 84% of custodial parents are mothers, and 16% of custodial parents are fathers. Of the mothers who are custodial parents, 45% are currently divorced or separated, 34. 2% have never been married, 19% are married, including women who have been remarried, and 1. 7% were widowed.In the father‘s case, 57. 8% are divorced or separated, 20. 9% have never married, 20% are currently married, again including those who have been remarried, and fewer than 1% were widowed. Although it’s difficult to raise their children as a single parent, both single mothers and single fathers need to be employed in order to efficiently raise their kids. 79. 5% of custodial single mothers are employed, of that percentage, 49. 8% w ork full time year round, and 29. 7% work part-time or part-year. 90% of custodial single fathers are employed, 71. 7% work full time, year round and the remaining 18. % work part-time or part-year. Men's income tend to rise by an average of 31% after separation. Women and children's income on the other hand, falls by an average of 12% after separation. Just because an individual is a single parent, does not mean that they will be struggling and in poverty. About 27% of custodial single mothers and their children live in poverty whereas 12. 9% of custodial single fathers and their children live in poverty. Those that are struggling can refer to government help in order to â€Å"get by† with their troubles. Among single mothers, 22% receive Medicaid, 23. % receive food stamps, 12% receive some form of public housing or rent subsidy, and 5% receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, also known as TANF. Each ethnicity and race differs as well. Certain races have more singl e mothers than the other, and single fathers seem to be smaller in general. 50% of African American children live in single parent families, which tend to be with the mother, 25% of Hispanic children live with a single mother, 16% of non-Hispanic white children live with a single mother, 10% of Asian children live with a single mother, and 4-5% of children of all races live with a single father.Another factor would be age, 74% of single parents are women that are aged 30 years and older. The average age would be around 36 years of age. 24% of single mothers are under 30 years, 13% of single mothers are under 25 years, and 2% are under 20 years. 39. 1% of custodial single mothers are 40 years old or older. Among females, 54% of custodial mothers are raising one child from the absent parent and 46% have two or more children living with them. Children will be without a doubt affected by the separation of their parents.Whether they are born into a family of just one parent or if they se parate after the child is in the picture already. 1 in 3 is born to unmarried parents and 1 in 4 lives with only one parent. Unfortunately, 1 in 2 children will live in a single parent family at some point in childhood. Due to the fact that so many teenagers are getting pregnant and having kids at such a young age, 1 in 8 is born to a teenage mother. The majority of teenage pregnancy are unplanned and resort to the child being born into a â€Å"broken family† with just one parent being present. in 25 lives with neither parent, sorry to say that some kids don’t live with neither of their parents, but just because this happens, it does not mean that it is a bad thing. Adoption can always be a good thing, especially if the biological parents are not stable enough to take care of their child. The emotional, financial, and mental stability of children are in jeopardy in these non-nuclear family homes. since the great majority of homes are non-traditional we never help but w onder how the single parents do it. they manage to be mom and dad in one.A little insight is always good because you never know what’s set for you're future. Sometimes its good to walk a mile in someone else's shoes.

History of Australia essays

History of Australia essays History of Australia 1901 2000 Between the years of 1901-2000, much occurred in the history of the proud, independent nation. Over more than 100 years ago, Australia fought the battle for federation against England. Australia proposed to be an independent, self-governed nation of six states and territories. Finally, on January 1st, 1901, Australia was proclaimed a federation at Centennial Park, Sydney. Only 6 years later, in 1907, the federal Arbitration Court handed down the Harvester Judgement, a document outlining the concept of basic or family wage. This system was followed through until 1967. In 1915, the soldiers of Australia fought in World War I. The country, as a whole, supported conscription, as many people believed in fighting for England. Many soldiers died in Gallipoli and on the Western Front between the years of 1916-1918. After the tragedy of war, Australias attempt to introduce conscription for service of overseas nations was defeated at referendums held in 1916 and 1917. In the late 1920s, depression struck the world. At first Australia thought that they were safe from disaster, but connections through import/export markets to overseas eventually led to Australia falling as well. In 1933, Australia reached its peak unemployment figures. A third of the nation was unemployed. During World War II, Australia feared invasion from the Japanese. The United States led a counter-offence operation and unified and mobilised troops in prepare for the invasion. When the war finally finished, Australia began a immigration program to strengthen the economy as well as populate the country. Australia became a multicultural society after 1945. In 1949, Robert Gordon Menzies became prime minister in a coalition government, a government which was to remain in power until 1972. During the 1960s, Australia became involved in the Vietnam War. Wide opposition to the war eventually led to the fall of the ...

My Personal Leadership Vision Example

My Personal Leadership Vision Example My Personal Leadership Vision – Coursework Example Introduction I have a vision of becoming the best person possible when it comes to friendship, team player, a friend, colleague, or citizen. I am passionate to become a leader, and this motivating factor directs my goals towards achieving the dream. The vision has made me choose the following characteristics as the ones for the leader I want to be.My Leadership VisionI would wish to be enthusiastic. I want to be a good leader in future by showing interest and great excitement towards my work or course. Enthusiasm will enable people to respond openly and freely with dedication and passion to me as their leader. I will remain to collaborate closely with my staff team towards achieving the stipulated goals.I anticipate being confident and inspirational. To be able to lead and provide direction as a leader, I will need to appear confident as an individual and in my role as a leader (Adair, 5). Confidence will enable me to inspire others in order to draw out confidence, best efforts and t rust in them to complete tasks however challenging it is.In addition, I aspire to be a trustworthy leader. I will be a leader with exemplary character with utmost importance to others. I would wish, to be honest, trusted, and practice integrity by walking my talks (Adair, 5). Through trustworthiness, I will gain actual authority from respect for my good character as a person who leads my team.In addition, I would also wish to be committed to excellence. In discharging my duties as a leader, I at no time would aspire to be second because that does not lead to success. I will remain proactive to raise the bar as well as maintaining high standards to achieve all round excellence.ConclusionThe leadership vision I have will therefore cover the above features to become not only popular that is admirable to the society. I will, therefore, work tirelessly to develop and strengthen a leadership role.Adair, John E. Develop Your Leadership Skills. 2013. Print.

Critique of Vita Wallaces Give Children the Vote Essay

Critique of Vita Wallaces Give Children the Vote - Essay Example In her article, she presents her views on the significance of educating children and giving every child the right to vote. Wallace says that in passing the law against child labor and provision for compulsory schooling, the involved, which she refers to as well-meaning people aimed at protecting every child from any form of exploitation. She believes that the decision about schooling I personal. According to her, no punishment should be given in case children choose not to attend school. Rather, she asserts that at whatever age suitable for children to vote, the right should be given. She says, â€Å"What I suggest is that children be allowed to grow into their own right to vote at whatever rate suits them individually†. The word individually helps eliminate the aspect of generalization. According to her, age limit would hinder capable children from voting. It is from this assertion that Wallace believes that children should have the right to vote. The common believe that if g iven the chance to vote children will vote in favor of their parents, in effect giving more votes to the parents should, according to Wallace, not be the case.Although many of the readers of this article consider Wallace argument thoughtful, I disagree with her point of view. In the entire essay, she presents her opinion. However, the major claim of this assertion could appear as fact or a judgment. This shows how he overlooks the Toulmin’s theory of argument. As an activist, she uses an interesting approach, which convinces many readers.... In the entire essay, she presents her opinion. However, the major claim of this assertion could appear as fact or a judgment (Cooper 5). This shows how he overlooks the Toulmin’s theory of argument (Cooper 3). As an activist, she uses an interesting approach, which convinces many readers. Despite her powerful approach, I consider her unsuccessful. Her major claim, giving children the vote, is an aspect cringed about by many children. However, her presentation is form of defense for herself and other kinds. From her view, she was discriminated since she was home schooled, a fact that brings her ideas that children should not be force to attend school, neither should they be punished for choosing not to. In her article she says, â€Å"Learning about discriminatory laws preventing high school dropouts from getting their driver’s licenses†¦ (316)† this shows how she how she discusses â€Å"Discriminatory laws†. This statement leads to a minor claim when s he says, â€Å"Punished for exercising one of the few legal decisions they now have (316)†. This is a claim for own defense. Further, it convinces the reader to belief that there is unjust treatment to young dropouts. The fact that she overlooks the personal responsibility involved in dropping out of school and the individual’s self-worth make the claim weak. She successfully uses warrant to convince readers as defined by Cooper (4). Though her emotional pleas are worth listening to, minimal facts in her case and lack of evidence make her argument unpersuasive. Further still, her writing is jumpy and the thoughts are scattered hence the entire case is hard to believe. For instance, the statistics she provides for eligible adult voters is the only strongest evidence she can rely on. From her statistics out of the

A Supra-National Constitution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Supra-National Constitution - Assignment Example The concept of supremacy of EC law is directly related to the principle of direct effect, direct applicability, and self-execution. The first is pertinent to implementation while the others are to enforcement. It would certainly be impossible to achieve the objective of the Community if its laws cannot be implemented consistently among its members. In traditional international law, the determination of whether a certain provision is directly effective is decided by domestic law. It is also a domestic law that will determine what are the conditions under which such effectiveness applies. This traditional mechanism was short-circuited by the European Community due to its supra-national status and evolved the Community into a legal order sui generis. The principle of supremacy is implied in the very creation of the Community, this is the gist of several decisions of the European court justifying compliance with Community law. Its articulation was necessary for the enforcement of Community law through national authorities and courts. The determination of supremacy, direct effectiveness, direct applicability and self-execution of the provisions of Community law is done under the procedures and precepts of Community law. These doctrines are actually described as constitutionalizing; implementing supra-national effect of the treaty in its member states. As stated in Les Verts, â€Å"The EEC is a Community based on the rule of law, inasmuch as neither its Member States nor its institutions can avoid a review of the question whether the measures adopted by them are in conformity with the basic constitutional charter, the Treaty.†